- Django 1.4 版本发行说明
- 概况
- Python 兼容性
- Django 1.4 新特性
- Support for time zones
- Support for in-browser testing frameworks
- Updated default project layout and
manage.py
- Custom project and app templates
- Improved WSGI support
SELECT FOR UPDATE
supportModel.objects.bulk_create
in the ORMQuerySet.prefetch_related
- Improved password hashing
- HTML5 doctype
- List filters in admin interface
- Multiple sort in admin interface
- New
ModelAdmin
methods - Admin inlines respect user permissions
- Tools for cryptographic signing
- Cookie-based session backend
- New form wizard
reverse_lazy
- 翻译 URL 模式
- Contextual translation support for
{% trans %}
and{% blocktrans %}
- Customizable
SingleObjectMixin
URLConf kwargs - Assignment template tags
*args
and**kwargs
support for template tag helper functions- No wrapping of exceptions in
TEMPLATE_DEBUG
mode truncatechars
template filterstatic
template tagCachedStaticFilesStorage
storage backend- Simple clickjacking protection
- CSRF improvements
- Error report filtering
- Extended IPv6 support
- HTML comparisons in tests
- Two new date format strings
- 次要特性
- 1.4 中的不向后兼容的变更
- SECRET_KEY setting is required
django.contrib.admin
- Supported browsers for the admin
- Removed admin icons
- CSS class names in admin forms
- Compatibility with old signed data
django.contrib.flatpages
- Serialization of datetime and time
supports_timezone
changed toFalse
for SQLiteMySQLdb
-specific exceptions- Database connection’s thread-locality
COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP
settingIGNORABLE_404_STARTS
andIGNORABLE_404_ENDS
settings- CSRF protection extended to PUT and DELETE
- Password reset view now accepts
subject_template_name
django.core.template_loaders
django.db.models.fields.URLField.verify_exists
django.core.files.storage.Storage.open
- YAML deserializer now uses
yaml.safe_load
- Session cookies now have the
httponly
flag by default - The urlize filter no longer escapes every URL
assertTemplateUsed
andassertTemplateNotUsed
as context manager- Database connections after running the test suite
- Output of manage.py help
extends
template tag- Loading some incomplete fixtures no longer works
- Development Server Multithreading
- Attributes disabled in markdown when safe mode set
- FormMixin get_initial returns an instance-specific dictionary
- 在 1.4 中被废弃的功能
- Old styles of calling
cache_page
decorator - Support for PostgreSQL versions older than 8.2
- Request exceptions are now always logged
django.conf.urls.defaults
django.contrib.databrowse
django.core.management.setup_environ
django.core.management.execute_manager
is_safe
andneeds_autoescape
attributes of template filters- Wildcard expansion of application names in
INSTALLED_APPS
HttpRequest.raw_post_data
renamed toHttpRequest.body
django.contrib.sitemaps
bug fix with potential performance implications- Versions of Python-Markdown earlier than 2.1
- Old styles of calling
Django 1.4 版本发行说明
2012 年 3 月 23 日
欢迎来到 Django 1.4 版本!
These release notes cover the new features, as well as some backwards incompatible changes you’ll want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 1.3 or older versions. We’ve also dropped some features, which are detailed in our deprecation plan, and we’ve begun the deprecation process for some features.
概况
The biggest new feature in Django 1.4 is support for time zones when handling date/times. When enabled, this Django will store date/times in UTC, use timezone-aware objects internally, and translate them to users’ local timezones for display.
If you’re upgrading an existing project to Django 1.4, switching to the timezone aware mode may take some care: the new mode disallows some rather sloppy behavior that used to be accepted. We encourage anyone who’s upgrading to check out the timezone migration guide and the timezone FAQ for useful pointers.
Other notable new features in Django 1.4 include:
- A number of ORM improvements, including SELECT FOR UPDATE support, the ability to bulk insert large datasets for improved performance, and QuerySet.prefetch_related, a method to batch-load related objects in areas where select_related() doesn’t work.
- Some nice security additions, including improved password hashing (featuring PBKDF2 and bcrypt support), new tools for cryptographic signing, several CSRF improvements, and simple clickjacking protection.
- An updated default project layout and manage.py that removes the “magic” from prior versions. And for those who don’t like the new layout, you can use custom project and app templates instead!
- Support for in-browser testing frameworks (like Selenium).
- … and a whole lot more; see below!
Wherever possible we try to introduce new features in a backwards-compatible manner per our API stability policy policy. However, as with previous releases, Django 1.4 ships with some minor backwards incompatible changes; people upgrading from previous versions of Django should read that list carefully.
Python 兼容性
Django 1.4 has dropped support for Python 2.4. Python 2.5 is now the minimum required Python version. Django is tested and supported on Python 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7.
This change should affect only a small number of Django users, as most operating-system vendors today are shipping Python 2.5 or newer as their default version. If you’re still using Python 2.4, however, you’ll need to stick to Django 1.3 until you can upgrade. Per our support policy, Django 1.3 will continue to receive security support until the release of Django 1.5.
Django does not support Python 3.x at this time. At some point before the release of Django 1.4, we plan to publish a document outlining our full timeline for deprecating Python 2.x and moving to Python 3.x.
Django 1.4 新特性
Support for time zones
In previous versions, Django used “naive” date/times (that is, date/times without an associated time zone), leaving it up to each developer to interpret what a given date/time “really means”. This can cause all sorts of subtle timezone-related bugs.
In Django 1.4, you can now switch Django into a more correct, time-zone aware mode. In this mode, Django stores date and time information in UTC in the database, uses time-zone-aware datetime objects internally and translates them to the end user’s time zone in templates and forms. Reasons for using this feature include:
- Customizing date and time display for users around the world.
- Storing datetimes in UTC for database portability and interoperability. (This argument doesn’t apply to PostgreSQL, because it already stores timestamps with time zone information in Django 1.3.)
- Avoiding data corruption problems around DST transitions.
Time zone support is enabled by default in new projects created with startproject. If you want to use this feature in an existing project, read the migration guide. If you encounter problems, there’s a helpful FAQ.
Support for in-browser testing frameworks
Django 1.4 supports integration with in-browser testing frameworks like Selenium. The new django.test.LiveServerTestCase base class lets you test the interactions between your site’s front and back ends more comprehensively. See the documentation for more details and concrete examples.
Updated default project layout and manage.py
Django 1.4 ships with an updated default project layout and manage.py
file for the startproject management command. These fix some issues with the previous manage.py
handling of Python import paths that caused double imports, trouble moving from development to deployment, and other difficult-to-debug path issues.
The previous manage.py
called functions that are now deprecated, and thus projects upgrading to Django 1.4 should update their manage.py
. (The old-style manage.py
will continue to work as before until Django 1.6. In 1.5 it will raise DeprecationWarning
).
The new recommended manage.py
file should look like this:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import os, sys
if __name__ == "__main__":
os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "{{ project_name }}.settings")
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
{{ project_name }}
should be replaced with the Python package name of the actual project.
If settings, URLconfs and apps within the project are imported or referenced using the project name prefix (e.g. myproject.settings
, ROOT_URLCONF = "myproject.urls"
, etc.), the new manage.py
will need to be moved one directory up, so it is outside the project package rather than adjacent to settings.py
and urls.py
.
For instance, with the following layout:
manage.py
mysite/
__init__.py
settings.py
urls.py
myapp/
__init__.py
models.py
You could import mysite.settings
, mysite.urls
, and mysite.myapp
, but not settings
, urls
, or myapp
as top-level modules.
Anything imported as a top-level module can be placed adjacent to the new manage.py
. For instance, to decouple “myapp” from the project module and import it as just myapp
, place it outside the mysite/
directory:
manage.py
myapp/
__init__.py
models.py
mysite/
__init__.py
settings.py
urls.py
If the same code is imported inconsistently (some places with the project prefix, some places without it), the imports will need to be cleaned up when switching to the new manage.py
.
Custom project and app templates
The startapp and startproject management commands now have a --template
option for specifying a path or URL to a custom app or project template.
For example, Django will use the /path/to/my_project_template
directory when you run the following command:
django-admin.py startproject --template=/path/to/my_project_template myproject
You can also now provide a destination directory as the second argument to both startapp and startproject:
django-admin.py startapp myapp /path/to/new/app
django-admin.py startproject myproject /path/to/new/project
For more information, see the startapp and startproject documentation.
Improved WSGI support
The startproject management command now adds a wsgi.py
module to the initial project layout, containing a simple WSGI application that can be used for deploying with WSGI app servers.
The built-in development server now supports using an externally-defined WSGI callable, which makes it possible to run runserver
with the same WSGI configuration that is used for deployment. The new WSGI_APPLICATION setting lets you configure which WSGI callable runserver uses.
(The runfcgi
management command also internally wraps the WSGI callable configured via WSGI_APPLICATION.)
SELECT FOR UPDATE
support
Django 1.4 includes a QuerySet.select_for_update() method, which generates a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE
SQL query. This will lock rows until the end of the transaction, meaning other transactions cannot modify or delete rows matched by a FOR UPDATE
query.
For more details, see the documentation for select_for_update().
Model.objects.bulk_create
in the ORM
This method lets you create multiple objects more efficiently. It can result in significant performance increases if you have many objects.
Django makes use of this internally, meaning some operations (such as database setup for test suites) have seen a performance benefit as a result.
See the bulk_create() docs for more information.
QuerySet.prefetch_related
Similar to select_related() but with a different strategy and broader scope, prefetch_related() has been added to QuerySet. This method returns a new QuerySet
that will prefetch each of the specified related lookups in a single batch as soon as the query begins to be evaluated. Unlike select_related
, it does the joins in Python, not in the database, and supports many-to-many relationships, GenericForeignKey
and more. This allows you to fix a very common performance problem in which your code ends up doing O(n) database queries (or worse) if objects on your primary QuerySet
each have many related objects that you also need to fetch.
Improved password hashing
Django’s auth system (django.contrib.auth
) stores passwords using a one-way algorithm. Django 1.3 uses the SHA1 algorithm, but increasing processor speeds and theoretical attacks have revealed that SHA1 isn’t as secure as we’d like. Thus, Django 1.4 introduces a new password storage system: by default Django now uses the PBKDF2 algorithm (as recommended by NIST). You can also easily choose a different algorithm (including the popular bcrypt algorithm). For more details, see Django 如何存储密码.
HTML5 doctype
We’ve switched the admin and other bundled templates to use the HTML5 doctype. While Django will be careful to maintain compatibility with older browsers, this change means that you can use any HTML5 features you need in admin pages without having to lose HTML validity or override the provided templates to change the doctype.
List filters in admin interface
Prior to Django 1.4, the admin app let you specify change list filters by specifying a field lookup, but it didn’t allow you to create custom filters. This has been rectified with a simple API (previously used internally and known as “FilterSpec”). For more details, see the documentation for list_filter.
Multiple sort in admin interface
The admin change list now supports sorting on multiple columns. It respects all elements of the ordering attribute, and sorting on multiple columns by clicking on headers is designed to mimic the behavior of desktop GUIs. We also added a get_ordering() method for specifying the ordering dynamically (i.e., depending on the request).
New ModelAdmin
methods
We added a save_related() method to ModelAdmin to ease customization of how related objects are saved in the admin.
Two other new ModelAdmin methods, get_list_display() and get_list_display_links() enable dynamic customization of fields and links displayed on the admin change list.
Admin inlines respect user permissions
Admin inlines now only allow those actions for which the user has permission. For ManyToMany
relationships with an auto-created intermediate model (which does not have its own permissions), the change permission for the related model determines if the user has the permission to add, change or delete relationships.
Tools for cryptographic signing
Django 1.4 adds both a low-level API for signing values and a high-level API for setting and reading signed cookies, one of the most common uses of signing in web applications.
See the cryptographic signing docs for more information.
Cookie-based session backend
Django 1.4 introduces a cookie-based session backend that uses the tools for cryptographic signing to store the session data in the client’s browser.
警告
Session data is signed and validated by the server, but it’s not encrypted. This means a user can view any data stored in the session but cannot change it. Please read the documentation for further clarification before using this backend.
See the cookie-based session backend docs for more information.
New form wizard
The previous FormWizard
from django.contrib.formtools
has been replaced with a new implementation based on the class-based views introduced in Django 1.3. It features a pluggable storage API and doesn’t require the wizard to pass around hidden fields for every previous step.
Django 1.4 ships with a session-based storage backend and a cookie-based storage backend. The latter uses the tools for cryptographic signing also introduced in Django 1.4 to store the wizard’s state in the user’s cookies.
reverse_lazy
A lazily evaluated version of reverse()
was added to allow using URL reversals before the project’s URLconf gets loaded.
翻译 URL 模式
Django can now look for a language prefix in the URLpattern when using the new i18n_patterns() helper function. It’s also now possible to define translatable URL patterns using django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy()
. See 国际化:在 URL 模式中 for more information about the language prefix and how to internationalize URL patterns.
Contextual translation support for {% trans %}
and {% blocktrans %}
The contextual translation support introduced in Django 1.3 via the pgettext
function has been extended to the trans and blocktrans template tags using the new context
keyword.
Customizable SingleObjectMixin
URLConf kwargs
Two new attributes, pk_url_kwarg and slug_url_kwarg, have been added to SingleObjectMixin to enable the customization of URLconf keyword arguments used for single object generic views.
Assignment template tags
A new assignment_tag
helper function was added to template.Library
to ease the creation of template tags that store data in a specified context variable.
*args
and **kwargs
support for template tag helper functions
The simple_tag, inclusion_tag and newly introduced assignment_tag
template helper functions may now accept any number of positional or keyword arguments. For example:
@register.simple_tag
def my_tag(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
warning = kwargs['warning']
profile = kwargs['profile']
...
return ...
Then, in the template, any number of arguments may be passed to the template tag. For example:
{% my_tag 123 "abcd" book.title warning=message|lower profile=user.profile %}
No wrapping of exceptions in TEMPLATE_DEBUG
mode
In previous versions of Django, whenever the TEMPLATE_DEBUG
setting was True
, any exception raised during template rendering (even exceptions unrelated to template syntax) were wrapped in TemplateSyntaxError
and re-raised. This was done in order to provide detailed template source location information in the debug 500 page.
In Django 1.4, exceptions are no longer wrapped. Instead, the original exception is annotated with the source information. This means that catching exceptions from template rendering is now consistent regardless of the value of TEMPLATE_DEBUG
, and there’s no need to catch and unwrap TemplateSyntaxError
in order to catch other errors.
truncatechars
template filter
This new filter truncates a string to be no longer than the specified number of characters. Truncated strings end with a translatable ellipsis sequence (“…”). See the documentation for truncatechars for more details.
static
template tag
The staticfiles contrib app has a new static
template tag to refer to files saved with the STATICFILES_STORAGE storage backend. It uses the storage backend’s url
method and therefore supports advanced features such as serving files from a cloud service.
CachedStaticFilesStorage
storage backend
The staticfiles contrib app now has a django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.CachedStaticFilesStorage
backend that caches the files it saves (when running the collectstatic management command) by appending the MD5 hash of the file’s content to the filename. For example, the file css/styles.css
would also be saved as css/styles.55e7cbb9ba48.css
Simple clickjacking protection
We’ve added a middleware to provide easy protection against clickjacking using the X-Frame-Options
header. It’s not enabled by default for backwards compatibility reasons, but you’ll almost certainly want to enable it to help plug that security hole for browsers that support the header.
CSRF improvements
We’ve made various improvements to our CSRF features, including the ensure_csrf_cookie() decorator, which can help with AJAX-heavy sites; protection for PUT and DELETE requests; and the CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE and CSRF_COOKIE_PATH settings, which can improve the security and usefulness of CSRF protection. See the CSRF docs for more information.
Error report filtering
We added two function decorators, sensitive_variables() and sensitive_post_parameters(), to allow designating the local variables and POST parameters that may contain sensitive information and should be filtered out of error reports.
All POST parameters are now systematically filtered out of error reports for certain views (login
, password_reset_confirm
, password_change
and add_view
in django.contrib.auth.views, as well as user_change_password
in the admin app) to prevent the leaking of sensitive information such as user passwords.
You can override or customize the default filtering by writing a custom filter. For more information see the docs on Filtering error reports.
Extended IPv6 support
Django 1.4 can now better handle IPv6 addresses with the new GenericIPAddressField model field, GenericIPAddressField form field and the validators validate_ipv46_address and validate_ipv6_address.
HTML comparisons in tests
The base classes in django.test now have some helpers to compare HTML without tripping over irrelevant differences in whitespace, argument quoting/ordering and closing of self-closing tags. You can either compare HTML directly with the new assertHTMLEqual() and assertHTMLNotEqual() assertions, or use the html=True
flag with assertContains() and assertNotContains() to test whether the client’s response contains a given HTML fragment. See the assertions documentation for more.
Two new date format strings
Two new date formats were added for use in template filters, template tags and 本地格式化:
e
— the name of the timezone of the given datetime objecto
— the ISO 8601 year number
Please make sure to update your custom format files if they contain either e
or o
in a format string. For example a Spanish localization format previously only escaped the d
format character:
DATE_FORMAT = r'j \de F \de Y'
But now it needs to also escape e
and o
:
DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
For more information, see the date documentation.
次要特性
Django 1.4 also includes several smaller improvements worth noting:
- A more usable stacktrace in the technical 500 page. Frames in the stack trace that reference Django’s framework code are dimmed out, while frames in application code are slightly emphasized. This change makes it easier to scan a stacktrace for issues in application code.
- Tablespace support in PostgreSQL.
- Customizable names for simple_tag().
- In the documentation, a helpful security overview page.
- The
django.contrib.auth.models.check_password
function has been moved to the django.contrib.auth.hashers module. Importing it from the old location will still work, but you should update your imports. - The collectstatic management command now has a
--clear
option to delete all files at the destination before copying or linking the static files. - It’s now possible to load fixtures containing forward references when using MySQL with the InnoDB database engine.
- A new 403 response handler has been added as
'django.views.defaults.permission_denied'
. You can set your own handler by setting the value of django.conf.urls.handler403. See the documentation about the 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view for more information. The makemessages command uses a new and more accurate lexer, JsLex, for extracting translatable strings from JavaScript files.
The trans template tag now takes an optional
as
argument to be able to retrieve a translation string without displaying it but setting a template context variable instead.The if template tag now supports
{% elif %}
clauses.If your Django app is behind a proxy, you might find the new SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER setting useful. It solves the problem of your proxy “eating” the fact that a request came in via HTTPS. But only use this setting if you know what you’re doing.
A new, plain-text, version of the HTTP 500 status code internal error page served when DEBUG is
True
is now sent to the client when Django detects that the request has originated in JavaScript code. (is_ajax()
is used for this.)Like its HTML counterpart, it contains a collection of different pieces of information about the state of the application.
This should make it easier to read when debugging interaction with client-side JavaScript.
Added the makemessages —no-location option.
Changed the
locmem
cache backend to usepickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
for better compatibility with the other cache backends.Added support in the ORM for generating
SELECT
queries containingDISTINCT ON
.The
distinct()
QuerySet
method now accepts an optional list of model field names. If specified, then theDISTINCT
statement is limited to these fields. This is only supported in PostgreSQL.For more details, see the documentation for distinct().
The admin login page will add a password reset link if you include a URL with the name
'admin_password_reset'
in your urls.py, so plugging in the built-in password reset mechanism and making it available is now much easier. For details, see 增加密码重置功能.The MySQL database backend can now make use of the savepoint feature implemented by MySQL version 5.0.3 or newer with the InnoDB storage engine.
It’s now possible to pass initial values to the model forms that are part of both model formsets and inline model formsets as returned from factory functions
modelformset_factory
andinlineformset_factory
respectively just like with regular formsets. However, initial values only apply to extra forms, i.e. those which are not bound to an existing model instance.The sitemaps framework can now handle HTTPS links using the new Sitemap.protocol class attribute.
A new django.test.SimpleTestCase subclass of unittest.TestCase that’s lighter than django.test.TestCase and company. It can be useful in tests that don’t need to hit a database. See Django 单元测试类的层次结构.
1.4 中的不向后兼容的变更
SECRET_KEY setting is required
Running Django with an empty or known SECRET_KEY disables many of Django’s security protections and can lead to remote-code-execution vulnerabilities. No Django site should ever be run without a SECRET_KEY.
In Django 1.4, starting Django with an empty SECRET_KEY will raise a DeprecationWarning
. In Django 1.5, it will raise an exception and Django will refuse to start. This is slightly accelerated from the usual deprecation path due to the severity of the consequences of running Django with no SECRET_KEY.
django.contrib.admin
The included administration app django.contrib.admin
has for a long time shipped with a default set of static files such as JavaScript, images and stylesheets. Django 1.3 added a new contrib app django.contrib.staticfiles
to handle such files in a generic way and defined conventions for static files included in apps.
Starting in Django 1.4, the admin’s static files also follow this convention, to make the files easier to deploy. In previous versions of Django, it was also common to define an ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX
setting to point to the URL where the admin’s static files live on a web server. This setting has now been deprecated and replaced by the more general setting STATIC_URL. Django will now expect to find the admin static files under the URL <STATIC_URL>/admin/
.
If you’ve previously used a URL path for ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX
(e.g. /media/
) simply make sure STATIC_URL and STATIC_ROOT are configured and your web server serves those files correctly. The development server continues to serve the admin files just like before. Read the static files howto for more details.
If your ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX
is set to a specific domain (e.g. http://media.example.com/admin/
), make sure to also set your STATIC_URL setting to the correct URL — for example, http://media.example.com/
.
警告
If you’re implicitly relying on the path of the admin static files within Django’s source code, you’ll need to update that path. The files were moved from django/contrib/admin/media/
to django/contrib/admin/static/admin/
.
Supported browsers for the admin
Django hasn’t had a clear policy on which browsers are supported by the admin app. Our new policy formalizes existing practices: YUI’s A-grade browsers should provide a fully-functional admin experience, with the notable exception of Internet Explorer 6, which is no longer supported.
Released over 10 years ago, IE6 imposes many limitations on modern web development. The practical implications of this policy are that contributors are free to improve the admin without consideration for these limitations.
This new policy has no impact on sites you develop using Django. It only applies to the Django admin. Feel free to develop apps compatible with any range of browsers.
Removed admin icons
As part of an effort to improve the performance and usability of the admin’s change-list sorting interface and horizontal and vertical “filter” widgets, some icon files were removed and grouped into two sprite files.
Specifically: selector-add.gif
, selector-addall.gif
, selector-remove.gif
, selector-removeall.gif
, selector_stacked-add.gif
and selector_stacked-remove.gif
were combined into selector-icons.gif
; and arrow-up.gif
and arrow-down.gif
were combined into sorting-icons.gif
.
If you used those icons to customize the admin, then you’ll need to replace them with your own icons or get the files from a previous release.
CSS class names in admin forms
To avoid conflicts with other common CSS class names (e.g. “button”), we added a prefix (“field-“) to all CSS class names automatically generated from the form field names in the main admin forms, stacked inline forms and tabular inline cells. You’ll need to take that prefix into account in your custom style sheets or JavaScript files if you previously used plain field names as selectors for custom styles or JavaScript transformations.
Compatibility with old signed data
Django 1.3 changed the cryptographic signing mechanisms used in a number of places in Django. While Django 1.3 kept fallbacks that would accept hashes produced by the previous methods, these fallbacks are removed in Django 1.4.
So, if you upgrade to Django 1.4 directly from 1.2 or earlier, you may lose/invalidate certain pieces of data that have been cryptographically signed using an old method. To avoid this, use Django 1.3 first for a period of time to allow the signed data to expire naturally. The affected parts are detailed below, with 1) the consequences of ignoring this advice and 2) the amount of time you need to run Django 1.3 for the data to expire or become irrelevant.
contrib.sessions
data integrity check- Consequences: The user will be logged out, and session data will be lost.
- Time period: Defined by SESSION_COOKIE_AGE.
contrib.auth
password reset hash- Consequences: Password reset links from before the upgrade will not work.
- Time period: Defined by
PASSWORD_RESET_TIMEOUT_DAYS
.
Form-related hashes: these have a much shorter lifetime and are relevant only for the short window where a user might fill in a form generated by the pre-upgrade Django instance and try to submit it to the upgraded Django instance:
contrib.comments
form security hash- Consequences: The user will see the validation error “Security hash failed.”
- Time period: The amount of time you expect users to take filling out comment forms.
FormWizard
security hash- Consequences: The user will see an error about the form having expired and will be sent back to the first page of the wizard, losing the data entered so far.
- Time period: The amount of time you expect users to take filling out the affected forms.
- CSRF check
- Note: This is actually a Django 1.1 fallback, not Django 1.2, and it applies only if you’re upgrading from 1.1.
- Consequences: The user will see a 403 error with any CSRF-protected POST form.
- Time period: The amount of time you expect user to take filling out such forms.
contrib.auth
user password hash-upgrade sequence- Consequences: Each user’s password will be updated to a stronger password hash when it’s written to the database in 1.4. This means that if you upgrade to 1.4 and then need to downgrade to 1.3, version 1.3 won’t be able to read the updated passwords.
- Remedy: Set PASSWORD_HASHERS to use your original password hashing when you initially upgrade to 1.4. After you confirm your app works well with Django 1.4 and you won’t have to roll back to 1.3, enable the new password hashes.
django.contrib.flatpages
Starting in 1.4, the FlatpageFallbackMiddleware only adds a trailing slash and redirects if the resulting URL refers to an existing flatpage. For example, requesting /notaflatpageoravalidurl
in a previous version would redirect to /notaflatpageoravalidurl/
, which would subsequently raise a 404. Requesting /notaflatpageoravalidurl
now will immediately raise a 404.
Also, redirects returned by flatpages are now permanent (with 301 status code), to match the behavior of CommonMiddleware.
Serialization of datetime and time
As a consequence of time-zone support, and according to the ECMA-262 specification, we made changes to the JSON serializer:
- It includes the time zone for aware datetime objects. It raises an exception for aware time objects.
- It includes milliseconds for datetime and time objects. There is still some precision loss, because Python stores microseconds (6 digits) and JSON only supports milliseconds (3 digits). However, it’s better than discarding microseconds entirely.
We changed the XML serializer to use the ISO8601 format for datetimes. The letter T
is used to separate the date part from the time part, instead of a space. Time zone information is included in the [+-]HH:MM
format.
Though the serializers now use these new formats when creating fixtures, they can still load fixtures that use the old format.
supports_timezone
changed to False
for SQLite
The database feature supports_timezone
used to be True
for SQLite. Indeed, if you saved an aware datetime object, SQLite stored a string that included an UTC offset. However, this offset was ignored when loading the value back from the database, which could corrupt the data.
In the context of time-zone support, this flag was changed to False
, and datetimes are now stored without time-zone information in SQLite. When USE_TZ is False
, if you attempt to save an aware datetime object, Django raises an exception.
MySQLdb
-specific exceptions
The MySQL backend historically has raised MySQLdb.OperationalError
when a query triggered an exception. We’ve fixed this bug, and we now raise django.db.DatabaseError instead. If you were testing for MySQLdb.OperationalError
, you’ll need to update your except
clauses.
Database connection’s thread-locality
DatabaseWrapper
objects (i.e. the connection objects referenced by django.db.connection
and django.db.connections["some_alias"]
) used to be thread-local. They are now global objects in order to be potentially shared between multiple threads. While the individual connection objects are now global, the django.db.connections
dictionary referencing those objects is still thread-local. Therefore if you just use the ORM or DatabaseWrapper.cursor()
then the behavior is still the same as before. Note, however, that django.db.connection
does not directly reference the default DatabaseWrapper
object anymore and is now a proxy to access that object’s attributes. If you need to access the actual DatabaseWrapper
object, use django.db.connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
instead.
As part of this change, all underlying SQLite connections are now enabled for potential thread-sharing (by passing the check_same_thread=False
attribute to pysqlite). DatabaseWrapper
however preserves the previous behavior by disabling thread-sharing by default, so this does not affect any existing code that purely relies on the ORM or on DatabaseWrapper.cursor()
.
Finally, while it’s now possible to pass connections between threads, Django doesn’t make any effort to synchronize access to the underlying backend. Concurrency behavior is defined by the underlying backend implementation. Check their documentation for details.
COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP
setting
Django’s comments has historically supported excluding the comments of a special user group, but we’ve never documented the feature properly and didn’t enforce the exclusion in other parts of the app such as the template tags. To fix this problem, we removed the code from the feed class.
If you rely on the feature and want to restore the old behavior, use a custom comment model manager to exclude the user group, like this:
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.comments.managers import CommentManager
class BanningCommentManager(CommentManager):
def get_query_set(self):
qs = super().get_query_set()
if getattr(settings, 'COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP', None):
where = ['user_id NOT IN (SELECT user_id FROM auth_user_groups WHERE group_id = %s)']
params = [settings.COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP]
qs = qs.extra(where=where, params=params)
return qs
Save this model manager in your custom comment app (e.g., in my_comments_app/managers.py
) and add it your custom comment app model:
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.comments.models import Comment
from my_comments_app.managers import BanningCommentManager
class CommentWithTitle(Comment):
title = models.CharField(max_length=300)
objects = BanningCommentManager()
IGNORABLE_404_STARTS
and IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
settings
Until Django 1.3, it was possible to exclude some URLs from Django’s 404 error reporting by adding prefixes to IGNORABLE_404_STARTS
and suffixes to IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
.
In Django 1.4, these two settings are superseded by IGNORABLE_404_URLS, which is a list of compiled regular expressions. Django won’t send an email for 404 errors on URLs that match any of them.
Furthermore, the previous settings had some rather arbitrary default values:
IGNORABLE_404_STARTS = ('/cgi-bin/', '/_vti_bin', '/_vti_inf')
IGNORABLE_404_ENDS = ('mail.pl', 'mailform.pl', 'mail.cgi', 'mailform.cgi',
'favicon.ico', '.php')
It’s not Django’s role to decide if your website has a legacy /cgi-bin/
section or a favicon.ico
. As a consequence, the default values of IGNORABLE_404_URLS, IGNORABLE_404_STARTS
, and IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
are all now empty.
If you have customized IGNORABLE_404_STARTS
or IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
, or if you want to keep the old default value, you should add the following lines in your settings file:
import re
IGNORABLE_404_URLS = (
# for each <prefix> in IGNORABLE_404_STARTS
re.compile(r'^<prefix>'),
# for each <suffix> in IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
re.compile(r'<suffix>$'),
)
Don’t forget to escape characters that have a special meaning in a regular expression, such as periods.
CSRF protection extended to PUT and DELETE
Previously, Django’s CSRF protection provided protection only against POST requests. Since use of PUT and DELETE methods in AJAX applications is becoming more common, we now protect all methods not defined as safe by RFC 2616 — i.e., we exempt GET, HEAD, OPTIONS and TRACE, and we enforce protection on everything else.
If you’re using PUT or DELETE methods in AJAX applications, please see the instructions about using AJAX and CSRF.
Password reset view now accepts subject_template_name
The password_reset
view in django.contrib.auth
now accepts a subject_template_name
parameter, which is passed to the password save form as a keyword argument. If you are using this view with a custom password reset form, then you will need to ensure your form’s save()
method accepts this keyword argument.
django.core.template_loaders
This was an alias to django.template.loader
since 2005, and we’ve removed it without emitting a warning due to the length of the deprecation. If your code still referenced this, please use django.template.loader
instead.
django.db.models.fields.URLField.verify_exists
This functionality has been removed due to intractable performance and security issues. Any existing usage of verify_exists
should be removed.
django.core.files.storage.Storage.open
The open
method of the base Storage class used to take an obscure parameter mixin
that allowed you to dynamically change the base classes of the returned file object. This has been removed. In the rare case you relied on the mixin
parameter, you can easily achieve the same by overriding the open
method, like this:
from django.core.files import File
from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
class Spam(File):
"""
Spam, spam, spam, spam and spam.
"""
def ham(self):
return 'eggs'
class SpamStorage(FileSystemStorage):
"""
A custom file storage backend.
"""
def open(self, name, mode='rb'):
return Spam(open(self.path(name), mode))
YAML deserializer now uses yaml.safe_load
yaml.load
is able to construct any Python object, which may trigger arbitrary code execution if you process a YAML document that comes from an untrusted source. This feature isn’t necessary for Django’s YAML deserializer, whose primary use is to load fixtures consisting of simple objects. Even though fixtures are trusted data, the YAML deserializer now uses yaml.safe_load
for additional security.
Session cookies now have the httponly
flag by default
Session cookies now include the httponly
attribute by default to help reduce the impact of potential XSS attacks. As a consequence of this change, session cookie data, including sessionid, is no longer accessible from JavaScript in many browsers. For strict backwards compatibility, use SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = False
in your settings file.
The urlize filter no longer escapes every URL
When a URL contains a %xx
sequence, where xx
are two hexadecimal digits, urlize now assumes that the URL is already escaped and doesn’t apply URL escaping again. This is wrong for URLs whose unquoted form contains a %xx
sequence, but such URLs are very unlikely to happen in the wild, because they would confuse browsers too.
assertTemplateUsed
and assertTemplateNotUsed
as context manager
It’s now possible to check whether a template was used within a block of code with assertTemplateUsed() and assertTemplateNotUsed(). And they can be used as a context manager:
with self.assertTemplateUsed('index.html'):
render_to_string('index.html')
with self.assertTemplateNotUsed('base.html'):
render_to_string('index.html')
See the assertion documentation for more.
Database connections after running the test suite
The default test runner no longer restores the database connections after tests’ execution. This prevents the production database from being exposed to potential threads that would still be running and attempting to create new connections.
If your code relied on connections to the production database being created after tests’ execution, then you can restore the previous behavior by subclassing DjangoTestRunner
and overriding its teardown_databases()
method.
Output of manage.py help
manage.py help now groups available commands by application. If you depended on the output of this command — if you parsed it, for example — then you’ll need to update your code. To get a list of all available management commands in a script, use manage.py help —commands instead.
extends
template tag
Previously, the extends tag used a buggy method of parsing arguments, which could lead to it erroneously considering an argument as a string literal when it wasn’t. It now uses parser.compile_filter
, like other tags.
The internals of the tag aren’t part of the official stable API, but in the interests of full disclosure, the ExtendsNode.__init__
definition has changed, which may break any custom tags that use this class.
Loading some incomplete fixtures no longer works
Prior to 1.4, a default value was inserted for fixture objects that were missing a specific date or datetime value when auto_now or auto_now_add was set for the field. This was something that should not have worked, and in 1.4 loading such incomplete fixtures will fail. Because fixtures are a raw import, they should explicitly specify all field values, regardless of field options on the model.
Development Server Multithreading
The development server is now is multithreaded by default. Use the runserver —nothreading option to disable the use of threading in the development server:
django-admin.py runserver --nothreading
Attributes disabled in markdown when safe mode set
Prior to Django 1.4, attributes were included in any markdown output regardless of safe mode setting of the filter. With version > 2.1 of the Python-Markdown library, an enable_attributes option was added. When the safe argument is passed to the markdown filter, both the safe_mode=True
and enable_attributes=False
options are set. If using a version of the Python-Markdown library less than 2.1, a warning is issued that the output is insecure.
FormMixin get_initial returns an instance-specific dictionary
In Django 1.3, the get_initial
method of the django.views.generic.edit.FormMixin class was returning the class initial
dictionary. This has been fixed to return a copy of this dictionary, so form instances can modify their initial data without messing with the class variable.
在 1.4 中被废弃的功能
Old styles of calling cache_page
decorator
Some legacy ways of calling cache_page() have been deprecated. Please see the documentation for the correct way to use this decorator.
Support for PostgreSQL versions older than 8.2
Django 1.3 dropped support for PostgreSQL versions older than 8.0, and we suggested using a more recent version because of performance improvements and, more importantly, the end of upstream support periods for 8.0 and 8.1 was near (November 2010).
Django 1.4 takes that policy further and sets 8.2 as the minimum PostgreSQL version it officially supports.
Request exceptions are now always logged
When we added logging support in Django in 1.3, the admin error email support was moved into the django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler, attached to the 'django.request'
logger. In order to maintain the established behavior of error emails, the 'django.request'
logger was called only when DEBUG was False
.
To increase the flexibility of error logging for requests, the 'django.request'
logger is now called regardless of the value of DEBUG, and the default settings file for new projects now includes a separate filter attached to django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler to prevent admin error emails in DEBUG
mode:
'filters': {
'require_debug_false': {
'()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugFalse'
}
},
'handlers': {
'mail_admins': {
'level': 'ERROR',
'filters': ['require_debug_false'],
'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler'
}
},
If your project was created prior to this change, your LOGGING setting will not include this new filter. In order to maintain backwards-compatibility, Django will detect that your 'mail_admins'
handler configuration includes no 'filters'
section and will automatically add this filter for you and issue a pending-deprecation warning. This will become a deprecation warning in Django 1.5, and in Django 1.6 the backwards-compatibility shim will be removed entirely.
The existence of any 'filters'
key under the 'mail_admins'
handler will disable this backward-compatibility shim and deprecation warning.
django.conf.urls.defaults
Until Django 1.3, the include()
, patterns()
, and url()
functions, plus handler404 and handler500 were located in a django.conf.urls.defaults
module.
In Django 1.4, they live in django.conf.urls.
django.contrib.databrowse
Databrowse has not seen active development for some time, and this does not show any sign of changing. There had been a suggestion for a GSOC project to integrate the functionality of databrowse into the admin, but no progress was made. While Databrowse has been deprecated, an enhancement of django.contrib.admin
providing a similar feature set is still possible.
The code that powers Databrowse is licensed under the same terms as Django itself, so it’s available to be adopted by an individual or group as a third-party project.
django.core.management.setup_environ
This function temporarily modified sys.path
in order to make the parent “project” directory importable under the old flat startproject layout. This function is now deprecated, as its path workarounds are no longer needed with the new manage.py
and default project layout.
This function was never documented or part of the public API, but it was widely recommended for use in setting up a “Django environment” for a user script. These uses should be replaced by setting the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable or using django.conf.settings.configure().
django.core.management.execute_manager
This function was previously used by manage.py
to execute a management command. It is identical to django.core.management.execute_from_command_line
, except that it first calls setup_environ
, which is now deprecated. As such, execute_manager
is also deprecated; execute_from_command_line
can be used instead. Neither of these functions is documented as part of the public API, but a deprecation path is needed due to use in existing manage.py
files.
is_safe
and needs_autoescape
attributes of template filters
Two flags, is_safe
and needs_autoescape
, define how each template filter interacts with Django’s auto-escaping behavior. They used to be attributes of the filter function:
@register.filter
def noop(value):
return value
noop.is_safe = True
However, this technique caused some problems in combination with decorators, especially @stringfilter. Now, the flags are keyword arguments of @register.filter:
@register.filter(is_safe=True)
def noop(value):
return value
See filters and auto-escaping for more information.
Wildcard expansion of application names in INSTALLED_APPS
Until Django 1.3, INSTALLED_APPS accepted wildcards in application names, like django.contrib.*
. The expansion was performed by a filesystem-based implementation of from <package> import *
. Unfortunately, this can’t be done reliably.
This behavior was never documented. Since it is unpythonic, it was removed in Django 1.4. If you relied on it, you must edit your settings file to list all your applications explicitly.
HttpRequest.raw_post_data
renamed to HttpRequest.body
This attribute was confusingly named HttpRequest.raw_post_data
, but it actually provided the body of the HTTP request. It’s been renamed to HttpRequest.body
, and HttpRequest.raw_post_data
has been deprecated.
django.contrib.sitemaps
bug fix with potential performance implications
In previous versions, Paginator
objects used in sitemap classes were cached, which could result in stale site maps. We’ve removed the caching, so each request to a site map now creates a new Paginator object and calls the items() method of the Sitemap subclass. Depending on what your items()
method is doing, this may have a negative performance impact. To mitigate the performance impact, consider using the caching framework within your Sitemap
subclass.
Versions of Python-Markdown earlier than 2.1
Versions of Python-Markdown earlier than 2.1 do not support the option to disable attributes. As a security issue, earlier versions of this library will not be supported by the markup contrib app in 1.5 under an accelerated deprecation timeline.