Values

values.zig

// Top-level declarations are order-independent:
const warn = std.debug.warn;
const std = @import("std");
const os = std.os;
const assert = std.debug.assert;
pub fn main() void {
    // integers
    const one_plus_one: i32 = 1 + 1;
    warn("1 + 1 = {}\n", .{one_plus_one});
    // floats
    const seven_div_three: f32 = 7.0 / 3.0;
    warn("7.0 / 3.0 = {}\n", .{seven_div_three});
    // boolean
    warn("{}\n{}\n{}\n", .{
        true and false,
        true or false,
        !true,
    });
    // optional
    var optional_value: ?[]const u8 = null;
    assert(optional_value == null);
    warn("\noptional 1\ntype: {}\nvalue: {}\n", .{
        @typeName(@TypeOf(optional_value)),
        optional_value,
    });
    optional_value = "hi";
    assert(optional_value != null);
    warn("\noptional 2\ntype: {}\nvalue: {}\n", .{
        @typeName(@TypeOf(optional_value)),
        optional_value,
    });
    // error union
    var number_or_error: anyerror!i32 = error.ArgNotFound;
    warn("\nerror union 1\ntype: {}\nvalue: {}\n", .{
        @typeName(@TypeOf(number_or_error)),
        number_or_error,
    });
    number_or_error = 1234;
    warn("\nerror union 2\ntype: {}\nvalue: {}\n", .{
        @typeName(@TypeOf(number_or_error)),
        number_or_error,
    });
}

$ zig build-exe values.zig
$ ./values
1 + 1 = 2
7.0 / 3.0 = 2.33333325e+00
false
true
false
optional 1
type: ?[]const u8
value: null
optional 2
type: ?[]const u8
value: hi
error union 1
type: anyerror!i32
value: error.ArgNotFound
error union 2
type: anyerror!i32
value: 1234

Primitive Types

In addition to the integer types above, arbitrary bit-width integers can be referenced by using an identifier of i or u followed by digits. For example, the identifier i7 refers to a signed 7-bit integer. The maximum allowed bit-width of an integer type is 65535.

See also:

• Integers
• Floats
• void
• Errors
• @Type

Primitive Values

See also:

• Optionals
• undefined

String Literals and Character Literals

String literals are single-item constant Pointers to null-terminated UTF-8 encoded byte arrays. The type of string literals encodes both the length, and the fact that they are null-terminated, and thus they can be coerced to both Slices and Null-Terminated Pointers. Dereferencing string literals converts them to Arrays.

Character literals have type comptime_int, the same as Integer Literals. All Escape Sequences are valid in both string literals and character literals.

test.zig

const assert = @import("std").debug.assert;
const mem = @import("std").mem;
test "string literals" {
    const bytes = "hello";
    assert(@TypeOf(bytes) == *const [5:0]u8);
    assert(bytes.len == 5);
    assert(bytes[1] == 'e');
    assert(bytes[5] == 0);
    assert('e' == '\x65');
    assert('\u{1f4a9}' == 128169);
    assert('💯' == 128175);
    assert(mem.eql(u8, "hello", "h\x65llo"));
}

$ zig test test.zig
1/1 test "string literals"...OK
All 1 tests passed.

See also:

• Arrays
• Zig Test
• Source Encoding

Escape Sequences

Note that the maximum valid Unicode point is 0x10ffff.

Multiline String Literals

Multiline string literals have no escapes and can span across multiple lines. To start a multiline string literal, use the \ token. Just like a comment, the string literal goes until the end of the line. The end of the line is not included in the string literal. However, if the next line begins with \ then a newline is appended and the string literal continues.

const hello_world_in_c =
    \\#include <stdio.h>
    \\
    \\int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    \\    printf("hello world\n");
    \\    return 0;
    \\}
;

See also:

• @embedFile

Assignment

Use the const keyword to assign a value to an identifier:

test.zig

const x = 1234;
fn foo() void {
    // It works at global scope as well as inside functions.
    const y = 5678;
    // Once assigned, an identifier cannot be changed.
    y += 1;
}
test "assignment" {
    foo();
}

$ zig test test.zig
./docgen_tmp/test.zig:8:7: error: cannot assign to constant
    y += 1;
      ^

const applies to all of the bytes that the identifier immediately addresses. Pointers have their own const-ness.

If you need a variable that you can modify, use the var keyword:

test.zig

const assert = @import("std").debug.assert;
test "var" {
    var y: i32 = 5678;
    y += 1;
    assert(y == 5679);
}

$ zig test test.zig
1/1 test "var"...OK
All 1 tests passed.

Variables must be initialized:

test.zig

test "initialization" {
    var x: i32;
    x = 1;
}

$ zig test test.zig
./docgen_tmp/test.zig:2:5: error: variables must be initialized
    var x: i32;
    ^

undefined

Use undefined to leave variables uninitialized:

test.zig

const assert = @import("std").debug.assert;
test "init with undefined" {
    var x: i32 = undefined;
    x = 1;
    assert(x == 1);
}

$ zig test test.zig
1/1 test "init with undefined"...OK
All 1 tests passed.

undefined can be coerced to any type. Once this happens, it is no longer possible to detect that the value is undefined. undefined means the value could be anything, even something that is nonsense according to the type. Translated into English, undefined means "Not a meaningful value. Using this value would be a bug. The value will be unused, or overwritten before being used."

In Debug mode, Zig writes 0xaa bytes to undefined memory. This is to catch bugs early, and to help detect use of undefined memory in a debugger.