The “sites” framework
Django comes with an optional “sites” framework. It’s a hook for associating objects and functionality to particular websites, and it’s a holding place for the domain names and “verbose” names of your Django-powered sites.
Use it if your single Django installation powers more than one site and you need to differentiate between those sites in some way.
The sites framework is mainly based on this model:
class models.``Site
A model for storing the domain
and name
attributes of a website.
domain
The fully qualified domain name associated with the website. For example,
www.example.com
.name
A human-readable “verbose” name for the website.
The SITE_ID
setting specifies the database ID of the Site
object associated with that particular settings file. If the setting is omitted, the get_current_site()
function will try to get the current site by comparing the domain
with the host name from the request.get_host()
method.
How you use this is up to you, but Django uses it in a couple of ways automatically via a couple of conventions.
Example usage
Why would you use sites? It’s best explained through examples.
Associating content with multiple sites
The LJWorld.com and Lawrence.com sites are operated by the same news organization – the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper in Lawrence, Kansas. LJWorld.com focused on news, while Lawrence.com focused on local entertainment. But sometimes editors wanted to publish an article on both sites.
The naive way of solving the problem would be to require site producers to publish the same story twice: once for LJWorld.com and again for Lawrence.com. But that’s inefficient for site producers, and it’s redundant to store multiple copies of the same story in the database.
A better solution removes the content duplication: Both sites use the same article database, and an article is associated with one or more sites. In Django model terminology, that’s represented by a ManyToManyField
in the Article
model:
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
from django.db import models
class Article(models.Model):
headline = models.CharField(max_length=200)
# ...
sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site)
This accomplishes several things quite nicely:
It lets the site producers edit all content – on both sites – in a single interface (the Django admin).
It means the same story doesn’t have to be published twice in the database; it only has a single record in the database.
It lets the site developers use the same Django view code for both sites. The view code that displays a given story checks to make sure the requested story is on the current site. It looks something like this:
from django.contrib.sites.shortcuts import get_current_site
def article_detail(request, article_id):
try:
a = Article.objects.get(id=article_id, sites__id=get_current_site(request).id)
except Article.DoesNotExist:
raise Http404("Article does not exist on this site")
# ...
Associating content with a single site
Similarly, you can associate a model to the Site
model in a many-to-one relationship, using ForeignKey
.
For example, if an article is only allowed on a single site, you’d use a model like this:
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
from django.db import models
class Article(models.Model):
headline = models.CharField(max_length=200)
# ...
site = models.ForeignKey(Site, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
This has the same benefits as described in the last section.
Hooking into the current site from views
You can use the sites framework in your Django views to do particular things based on the site in which the view is being called. For example:
from django.conf import settings
def my_view(request):
if settings.SITE_ID == 3:
# Do something.
pass
else:
# Do something else.
pass
It’s fragile to hard-code the site IDs like that, in case they change. The cleaner way of accomplishing the same thing is to check the current site’s domain:
from django.contrib.sites.shortcuts import get_current_site
def my_view(request):
current_site = get_current_site(request)
if current_site.domain == 'foo.com':
# Do something
pass
else:
# Do something else.
pass
This has also the advantage of checking if the sites framework is installed, and return a RequestSite
instance if it is not.
If you don’t have access to the request object, you can use the get_current()
method of the Site
model’s manager. You should then ensure that your settings file does contain the SITE_ID
setting. This example is equivalent to the previous one:
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
def my_function_without_request():
current_site = Site.objects.get_current()
if current_site.domain == 'foo.com':
# Do something
pass
else:
# Do something else.
pass
Getting the current domain for display
LJWorld.com and Lawrence.com both have email alert functionality, which lets readers sign up to get notifications when news happens. It’s pretty basic: A reader signs up on a web form and immediately gets an email saying, “Thanks for your subscription.”
It’d be inefficient and redundant to implement this sign up processing code twice, so the sites use the same code behind the scenes. But the “thank you for signing up” notice needs to be different for each site. By using Site
objects, we can abstract the “thank you” notice to use the values of the current site’s name
and domain
.
Here’s an example of what the form-handling view looks like:
from django.contrib.sites.shortcuts import get_current_site
from django.core.mail import send_mail
def register_for_newsletter(request):
# Check form values, etc., and subscribe the user.
# ...
current_site = get_current_site(request)
send_mail(
'Thanks for subscribing to %s alerts' % current_site.name,
'Thanks for your subscription. We appreciate it.\n\n-The %s team.' % (
current_site.name,
),
'editor@%s' % current_site.domain,
[user.email],
)
# ...
On Lawrence.com, this email has the subject line “Thanks for subscribing to lawrence.com alerts.” On LJWorld.com, the email has the subject “Thanks for subscribing to LJWorld.com alerts.” Same goes for the email’s message body.
Note that an even more flexible (but more heavyweight) way of doing this would be to use Django’s template system. Assuming Lawrence.com and LJWorld.com have different template directories (DIRS
), you could farm out to the template system like so:
from django.core.mail import send_mail
from django.template import loader
def register_for_newsletter(request):
# Check form values, etc., and subscribe the user.
# ...
subject = loader.get_template('alerts/subject.txt').render({})
message = loader.get_template('alerts/message.txt').render({})
send_mail(subject, message, 'editor@ljworld.com', [user.email])
# ...
In this case, you’d have to create subject.txt
and message.txt
template files for both the LJWorld.com and Lawrence.com template directories. That gives you more flexibility, but it’s also more complex.
It’s a good idea to exploit the Site
objects as much as possible, to remove unneeded complexity and redundancy.
Getting the current domain for full URLs
Django’s get_absolute_url()
convention is nice for getting your objects’ URL without the domain name, but in some cases you might want to display the full URL – with http://
and the domain and everything – for an object. To do this, you can use the sites framework. An example:
>>> from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
>>> obj = MyModel.objects.get(id=3)
>>> obj.get_absolute_url()
'/mymodel/objects/3/'
>>> Site.objects.get_current().domain
'example.com'
>>> 'https://%s%s' % (Site.objects.get_current().domain, obj.get_absolute_url())
'https://example.com/mymodel/objects/3/'
Enabling the sites framework
To enable the sites framework, follow these steps:
Add
'django.contrib.sites'
to yourINSTALLED_APPS
setting.Define a
SITE_ID
setting:SITE_ID = 1
Run
migrate
.
django.contrib.sites
registers a post_migrate
signal handler which creates a default site named example.com
with the domain example.com
. This site will also be created after Django creates the test database. To set the correct name and domain for your project, you can use a data migration.
In order to serve different sites in production, you’d create a separate settings file with each SITE_ID
(perhaps importing from a common settings file to avoid duplicating shared settings) and then specify the appropriate DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE
for each site.
Caching the current Site
object
As the current site is stored in the database, each call to Site.objects.get_current()
could result in a database query. But Django is a little cleverer than that: on the first request, the current site is cached, and any subsequent call returns the cached data instead of hitting the database.
If for any reason you want to force a database query, you can tell Django to clear the cache using Site.objects.clear_cache()
:
# First call; current site fetched from database.
current_site = Site.objects.get_current()
# ...
# Second call; current site fetched from cache.
current_site = Site.objects.get_current()
# ...
# Force a database query for the third call.
Site.objects.clear_cache()
current_site = Site.objects.get_current()
The CurrentSiteManager
class managers.``CurrentSiteManager
If Site
plays a key role in your application, consider using the helpful CurrentSiteManager
in your model(s). It’s a model manager that automatically filters its queries to include only objects associated with the current Site
.
Mandatory SITE_ID
The CurrentSiteManager
is only usable when the SITE_ID
setting is defined in your settings.
Use CurrentSiteManager
by adding it to your model explicitly. For example:
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
from django.contrib.sites.managers import CurrentSiteManager
from django.db import models
class Photo(models.Model):
photo = models.FileField(upload_to='photos')
photographer_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
pub_date = models.DateField()
site = models.ForeignKey(Site, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
objects = models.Manager()
on_site = CurrentSiteManager()
With this model, Photo.objects.all()
will return all Photo
objects in the database, but Photo.on_site.all()
will return only the Photo
objects associated with the current site, according to the SITE_ID
setting.
Put another way, these two statements are equivalent:
Photo.objects.filter(site=settings.SITE_ID)
Photo.on_site.all()
How did CurrentSiteManager
know which field of Photo
was the Site
? By default, CurrentSiteManager
looks for a either a ForeignKey
called site
or a ManyToManyField
called sites
to filter on. If you use a field named something other than site
or sites
to identify which Site
objects your object is related to, then you need to explicitly pass the custom field name as a parameter to CurrentSiteManager
on your model. The following model, which has a field called publish_on
, demonstrates this:
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
from django.contrib.sites.managers import CurrentSiteManager
from django.db import models
class Photo(models.Model):
photo = models.FileField(upload_to='photos')
photographer_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
pub_date = models.DateField()
publish_on = models.ForeignKey(Site, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
objects = models.Manager()
on_site = CurrentSiteManager('publish_on')
If you attempt to use CurrentSiteManager
and pass a field name that doesn’t exist, Django will raise a ValueError
.
Finally, note that you’ll probably want to keep a normal (non-site-specific) Manager
on your model, even if you use CurrentSiteManager
. As explained in the manager documentation, if you define a manager manually, then Django won’t create the automatic objects = models.Manager()
manager for you. Also note that certain parts of Django – namely, the Django admin site and generic views – use whichever manager is defined first in the model, so if you want your admin site to have access to all objects (not just site-specific ones), put objects = models.Manager()
in your model, before you define CurrentSiteManager
.
Site middleware
If you often use this pattern:
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
def my_view(request):
site = Site.objects.get_current()
...
To avoid repetitions, add django.contrib.sites.middleware.CurrentSiteMiddleware
to MIDDLEWARE
. The middleware sets the site
attribute on every request object, so you can use request.site
to get the current site.
How Django uses the sites framework
Although it’s not required that you use the sites framework, it’s strongly encouraged, because Django takes advantage of it in a few places. Even if your Django installation is powering only a single site, you should take the two seconds to create the site object with your domain
and name
, and point to its ID in your SITE_ID
setting.
Here’s how Django uses the sites framework:
- In the
redirects framework
, each redirect object is associated with a particular site. When Django searches for a redirect, it takes into account the current site. - In the
flatpages framework
, each flatpage is associated with a particular site. When a flatpage is created, you specify itsSite
, and theFlatpageFallbackMiddleware
checks the current site in retrieving flatpages to display. - In the
syndication framework
, the templates fortitle
anddescription
automatically have access to a variable{{ site }}
, which is theSite
object representing the current site. Also, the hook for providing item URLs will use thedomain
from the currentSite
object if you don’t specify a fully-qualified domain. - In the
authentication framework
,django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView
passes the currentSite
name to the template as{{ site_name }}
. - The shortcut view (
django.contrib.contenttypes.views.shortcut
) uses the domain of the currentSite
object when calculating an object’s URL. - In the admin framework, the “view on site” link uses the current
Site
to work out the domain for the site that it will redirect to.
RequestSite
objects
Some django.contrib applications take advantage of the sites framework but are architected in a way that doesn’t require the sites framework to be installed in your database. (Some people don’t want to, or just aren’t able to install the extra database table that the sites framework requires.) For those cases, the framework provides a django.contrib.sites.requests.RequestSite
class, which can be used as a fallback when the database-backed sites framework is not available.
class requests.``RequestSite
A class that shares the primary interface of Site
(i.e., it has domain
and name
attributes) but gets its data from a Django HttpRequest
object rather than from a database.
__init__
(request)Sets the
name
anddomain
attributes to the value ofget_host()
.
A RequestSite
object has a similar interface to a normal Site
object, except its __init__()
method takes an HttpRequest
object. It’s able to deduce the domain
and name
by looking at the request’s domain. It has save()
and delete()
methods to match the interface of Site
, but the methods raise NotImplementedError
.
get_current_site
shortcut
Finally, to avoid repetitive fallback code, the framework provides a django.contrib.sites.shortcuts.get_current_site()
function.
shortcuts.``get_current_site
(request)
A function that checks if django.contrib.sites
is installed and returns either the current Site
object or a RequestSite
object based on the request. It looks up the current site based on request.get_host()
if the SITE_ID
setting is not defined.
Both a domain and a port may be returned by request.get_host()
when the Host header has a port explicitly specified, e.g. example.com:80
. In such cases, if the lookup fails because the host does not match a record in the database, the port is stripped and the lookup is retried with the domain part only. This does not apply to RequestSite
which will always use the unmodified host.