Requests基本用法与药品监督管理局
Requests
Requests 唯一的一个非转基因的 Python HTTP 库,人类可以安全享用
urllib2
urllib2是python自带的模块
自定义 'Connection': 'keep-alive',通知服务器交互结束后,不断开连接,即所谓长连接。当然这也是urllib2不支持keep-alive的解决办法之一,另一个方法是Requests。
安装 Requests
优点:
Requests 继承了urllib2的所有特性。Requests支持HTTP连接保持和连接池,支持使用cookie保持会话,支持文件上传,支持自动确定响应内容的编码,支持国际化的 URL 和 POST 数据自动编码。
缺陷:
requests不是python自带的库,需要另外安装 easy_install or pip install
直接使用不能异步调用,速度慢(自动确定响应内容的编码)
pip install requests
文档:
http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/index.html
http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/#
使用方法:
requests.get(url, data={'key1': 'value1'},headers={'User-agent','Mozilla/5.0'})requests.post(url, data={'key1': 'value1'},headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
以 药品监督管理局 为例
采集分类 国产药品商品名(6994) 下的所有的商品信息
源码
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import urllibfrom lxml import etreeimport reimport jsonimport chardetimport requestscurstart = 2values = {'tableId': '32','State': '1','bcId': '124356639813072873644420336632','State': '1','tableName': 'TABLE32','State': '1','viewtitleName': 'COLUMN302','State': '1','viewsubTitleName': 'COLUMN299,COLUMN303','State': '1','curstart': str(curstart),'State': '1','tableView': urllib.quote("国产药品商品名"),'State': '1',}post_headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded','User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'}url = "http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/search.jsp"response = requests.post(url, data=values, headers=post_headers)resHtml = response.textprint response.status_code# print resHtmlUrls = re.findall(r'callbackC,\'(.*?)\',null', resHtml)for url in Urls:# 坑print url.encode('gb2312')
查看运行结果,感受一下。
总结
- User-Agent伪装Chrome,欺骗web服务器
- urlencode字典类型Dict、元祖 转化成 url query 字符串

练习
- 完成商品详情页采集
- 完成整个项目的采集
详情页
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from lxml import etreeimport reimport jsonimport requestsurl ='http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/content.jsp?tableId=32&tableName=TABLE32&tableView=%B9%FA%B2%FA%D2%A9%C6%B7%C9%CC%C6%B7%C3%FB&Id=211315'get_headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36','Connection': 'keep-alive',}item = {}response = requests.get(url,headers=get_headers)resHtml = response.textprint response.encodinghtml = etree.HTML(resHtml)for site in html.xpath('//tr')[1:]:if len(site.xpath('./td'))!=2:continuename = site.xpath('./td')[0].textif not name:continue# value =site.xpath('./td')[1].textvalue = re.sub('<.*?>', '', etree.tostring(site.xpath('./td')[1],encoding='utf-8'))item[name.encode('utf-8')] = valuejson.dump(item,open('sfda.json','w'),ensure_ascii=False)
完整项目
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import urllibfrom lxml import etreeimport reimport jsonimport requestsdef ParseDetail(url):# url = 'http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/content.jsp?tableId=32&tableName=TABLE32&tableView=%B9%FA%B2%FA%D2%A9%C6%B7%C9%CC%C6%B7%C3%FB&Id=211315'get_headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36','Connection': 'keep-alive',}item = {}response = requests.get(url, headers=get_headers)resHtml = response.textprint response.encodinghtml = etree.HTML(resHtml)for site in html.xpath('//tr')[1:]:if len(site.xpath('./td')) != 2:continuename = site.xpath('./td')[0].textif not name:continue# value =site.xpath('./td')[1].textvalue = re.sub('<.*?>', '', etree.tostring(site.xpath('./td')[1], encoding='utf-8'))value = re.sub('', '', value)item[name.encode('utf-8').strip()] = value.strip()# json.dump(item, open('sfda.json', 'a'), ensure_ascii=False)fp = open('sfda.json', 'a')str = json.dumps(item, ensure_ascii=False)fp.write(str + '\n')fp.close()def main():curstart = 2values = {'tableId': '32','State': '1','bcId': '124356639813072873644420336632','State': '1','tableName': 'TABLE32','State': '1','viewtitleName': 'COLUMN302','State': '1','viewsubTitleName': 'COLUMN299,COLUMN303','State': '1','curstart': str(curstart),'State': '1','tableView': urllib.quote("国产药品商品名"),'State': '1',}post_headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded','User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'}url = "http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/search.jsp"response = requests.post(url, data=values, headers=post_headers)resHtml = response.textprint response.status_code# print resHtmlUrls = re.findall(r'callbackC,\'(.*?)\',null', resHtml)for url in Urls:# 坑url = re.sub('tableView=.*?&', 'tableView=' + urllib.quote("国产药品商品名") + "&", url)ParseDetail('http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/' + url.encode('gb2312'))if __name__ == '__main__':main()
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