页面解析之结构化数据
结构化的数据是最好处理,一般都是类似JSON格式的字符串,直接解析JSON数据,提取JSON的关键字段即可。
JSON
JSON(JavaScript Object Notation) 是一种轻量级的数据交换格式;适用于进行数据交互的场景,比如网站前台与后台之间的数据交互
Python 2.7中自带了JSON模块,直接import json就可以使用了。
Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
1. json.loads()
实现:json字符串 转化 python的类型,返回一个python的类型
从json到python的类型转化对照如下:

import jsona="[1,2,3,4]"b='{"k1":1,"k2":2}'#当字符串为字典时{}外面必须是''单引号{}里面必须是""双引号print json.loads(a)[1, 2, 3, 4]print json.loads(b){'k2': 2, 'k1': 1}
案例
import urllib2import jsonresponse = urllib2.urlopen(r'http://api.douban.com/v2/book/isbn/9787218087351')hjson = json.loads(response.read())print hjson.keys()print hjson['rating']print hjson['images']['large']print hjson['summary']
2. json.dumps()
实现python类型转化为json字符串,返回一个str对象
从python原始类型向json类型的转化对照如下:

import jsona = [1,2,3,4]b ={"k1":1,"k2":2}c = (1,2,3,4)json.dumps(a)'[1, 2, 3, 4]'json.dumps(b)'{"k2": 2, "k1": 1}'json.dumps(c)'[1, 2, 3, 4]'
json.dumps 中的ensure_ascii 参数引起的中文编码问题
如果Python Dict字典含有中文,json.dumps 序列化时对中文默认使用的ascii编码
import chardetimport jsonb = {"name":"中国"}json.dumps(b)'{"name": "\\u4e2d\\u56fd"}'print json.dumps(b){"name": "\u4e2d\u56fd"}chardet.detect(json.dumps(b)){'confidence': 1.0, 'encoding': 'ascii'}
'中国' 中的ascii 字符码,而不是真正的中文。
想输出真正的中文需要指定ensure_ascii=False
json.dumps(b,ensure_ascii=False)'{"name": "\xe6\x88\x91"}'print json.dumps(b,ensure_ascii=False){"name": "我"}chardet.detect(json.dumps(b,ensure_ascii=False)){'confidence': 0.7525, 'encoding': 'utf-8'}
3. json.dump()
把Python类型 以 字符串的形式 写到文件中
import jsona = [1,2,3,4]json.dump(a,open("digital.json","w"))b = {"name":"我"}json.dump(b,open("name.json","w"),ensure_ascii=False)json.dump(b,open("name2.json","w"),ensure_ascii=True)
4. json.load()
读取 文件中json形式的字符串元素 转化成python类型
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import jsonnumber = json.load(open("digital.json"))print numberb = json.load(open("name.json"))print bb.keys()print b['name']
实战项目
获取 lagou 城市表信息
import urllib2import jsonimport chardeturl ='http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json?'request =urllib2.Request(url)response = urllib2.urlopen(request)print response.coderesHtml = response.read()jsonobj = json.loads(resHtml)print type(jsonobj)print jsonobjcitylist =[]allcitys = jsonobj['content']['data']['allCitySearchLabels']print allcitys.keys()for key in allcitys:print type(allcitys[key])for item in allcitys[key]:name =item['name'].encode('utf-8')print name,type(name)citylist.append(name)fp = open('city.json','w')content = json.dumps(citylist,ensure_ascii=False)print contentfp.write(content)fp.close()
输出:

JSONPath
JSON 信息抽取类库,从JSON文档中抽取指定信息的工具
JSONPath与Xpath区别
JsonPath 对于 JSON 来说,相当于 XPATH 对于XML。
下载地址:
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpath/
安装方法:
下载jsonpath,解压之后执行'python setup.py install'
| XPath | JSONPath | Result |
/store/book/author | $.store.book[].author | the authors of all books in the store |
//author | $..author | all authors |
/store/ | $.store. | all things in store, which are some books and a red bicycle. |
/store//price | $.store..price | the price of everything in the store. |
//book[3] | $..book[2] | the third book |
//book[last()] | $..book[(@.length-1)]$..book[-1:] | the last book in order. |
//book[position()<3] | $..book[0,1]$..book[:2] | the first two books |
//book[isbn] | $..book[?(@.isbn)] | filter all books with isbn number |
//book[price<10] | $..book[?(@.price<10)] | filter all books cheapier than 10 |
// | $..* | all Elements in XML document. All members of JSON structure. |
案例
还是以 http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json 为例,获取所有城市
import jsonpathimport urllib2import chardeturl ='http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json'request =urllib2.Request(url)response = urllib2.urlopen(request)print response.coderesHtml = response.read()##detect charsetprint chardet.detect(resHtml)jsonobj = json.loads(resHtml)citylist = jsonpath.jsonpath(jsonobj,'$..name')print citylistprint type(citylist)fp = open('city.json','w')content = json.dumps(citylist,ensure_ascii=False)print contentfp.write(content.encode('utf-8'))fp.close()
XML
xmltodict模块让使用XML感觉跟操作JSON一样
Python操作XML的第三方库参考:
https://github.com/martinblech/xmltodict
模块安装:
pip install xmltodict
import xmltodictbookdict = xmltodict.parse("""<bookstore><book><title lang="eng">Harry Potter</title><price>29.99</price></book><book><title lang="eng">Learning XML</title><price>39.95</price></book></bookstore>""")print bookdict.keys()[u'bookstore']print json.dumps(bookdict,indent=4)
输出结果:
{"bookstore": {"book": [{"title": {"@lang": "eng","#text": "Harry Potter"},"price": "29.99"},{"title": {"@lang": "eng","#text": "Learning XML"},"price": "39.95"}]}}
数据提取总结
- HTML、XML
XPathCSS选择器正则表达式
- JSON
JSONPath转化成Python类型进行操作(json类)
- XML
转化成Python类型(xmltodict)XPathCSS选择器正则表达式
- 其他(js、文本、电话号码、邮箱地址)
正则表达式