ADD COLUMN

ALTER TABLE.. ADD COLUMN 语句用于在已有表中添加列。在 TiDB 中，ADD COLUMN 为在线操作，不会阻塞表中的数据读写。

语法图

  1. AlterTableStmt ::=
  2.     'ALTER' IgnoreOptional 'TABLE' TableName ( AlterTableSpecListOpt AlterTablePartitionOpt | 'ANALYZE' 'PARTITION' PartitionNameList ( 'INDEX' IndexNameList )? AnalyzeOptionListOpt )
  4. AlterTableSpec ::=
  5.     TableOptionList
  6. |   'SET' 'TIFLASH' 'REPLICA' LengthNum LocationLabelList
  7. |   'CONVERT' 'TO' CharsetKw ( CharsetName | 'DEFAULT' ) OptCollate
  8. |   'ADD' ( ColumnKeywordOpt IfNotExists ( ColumnDef ColumnPosition | '(' TableElementList ')' ) | Constraint | 'PARTITION' IfNotExists NoWriteToBinLogAliasOpt ( PartitionDefinitionListOpt | 'PARTITIONS' NUM ) )
  9. |   ( ( 'CHECK' | 'TRUNCATE' ) 'PARTITION' | ( 'OPTIMIZE' | 'REPAIR' | 'REBUILD' ) 'PARTITION' NoWriteToBinLogAliasOpt ) AllOrPartitionNameList
  10. |   'COALESCE' 'PARTITION' NoWriteToBinLogAliasOpt NUM
  11. |   'DROP' ( ColumnKeywordOpt IfExists ColumnName RestrictOrCascadeOpt | 'PRIMARY' 'KEY' | 'PARTITION' IfExists PartitionNameList | ( KeyOrIndex IfExists | 'CHECK' ) Identifier | 'FOREIGN' 'KEY' IfExists Symbol )
  12. |   'EXCHANGE' 'PARTITION' Identifier 'WITH' 'TABLE' TableName WithValidationOpt
  13. |   ( 'IMPORT' | 'DISCARD' ) ( 'PARTITION' AllOrPartitionNameList )? 'TABLESPACE'
  14. |   'REORGANIZE' 'PARTITION' NoWriteToBinLogAliasOpt ReorganizePartitionRuleOpt
  15. |   'ORDER' 'BY' AlterOrderItem ( ',' AlterOrderItem )*
  16. |   ( 'DISABLE' | 'ENABLE' ) 'KEYS'
  17. |   ( 'MODIFY' ColumnKeywordOpt IfExists | 'CHANGE' ColumnKeywordOpt IfExists ColumnName ) ColumnDef ColumnPosition
  18. |   'ALTER' ( ColumnKeywordOpt ColumnName ( 'SET' 'DEFAULT' ( SignedLiteral | '(' Expression ')' ) | 'DROP' 'DEFAULT' ) | 'CHECK' Identifier EnforcedOrNot | 'INDEX' Identifier IndexInvisible )
  19. |   'RENAME' ( ( 'COLUMN' | KeyOrIndex ) Identifier 'TO' Identifier | ( 'TO' | '='? | 'AS' ) TableName )
  20. |   LockClause
  21. |   AlgorithmClause
  22. |   'FORCE'
  23. |   ( 'WITH' | 'WITHOUT' ) 'VALIDATION'
  24. |   'SECONDARY_LOAD'
  25. |   'SECONDARY_UNLOAD'
  27. ColumnDef ::=
  28.     ColumnName ( Type | 'SERIAL' ) ColumnOptionListOpt
  30. ColumnPosition ::=
  31.     ( 'FIRST' | 'AFTER' ColumnName )?

示例

  1. CREATE TABLE t1 (id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT);
  1. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
  1. INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (NULL);
  1. Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
  1. SELECT * FROM t1;
  1. +----+
  2. | id |
  3. +----+
  4. |  1 |
  5. +----+
  6. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  1. ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN c1 INT NOT NULL;
  1. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)
  1. SELECT * FROM t1;
  1. +----+----+
  2. | id | c1 |
  3. +----+----+
  4. |  1 |  0 |
  5. +----+----+
  6. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  1. ALTER TABLE t1 ADD c2 INT NOT NULL AFTER c1;
  1. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)
  1. SELECT * FROM t1;
  1. +----+----+----+
  2. | id | c1 | c2 |
  3. +----+----+----+
  4. |  1 |  0 |  0 |
  5. +----+----+----+
  6. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL 兼容性

  • 不支持在一条语句中同时添加多列。
  • 不支持将新添加的列设为 PRIMARY KEY。
  • 不支持将新添加的列设为 AUTO_INCREMENT。
  • 对添加生成列有局限性，具体可参考：生成列局限性。

另请参阅