IoTDB Query Statement

In this part, we will introduce you IoTDB’s Query Language. IoTDB offers you a SQL-like query language for interacting with IoTDB, the query language can be devided into 4 major parts:

  • Schema Statement: statements about schema management are all listed in this section.
  • Data Management Statement: statements about data management (such as: data insertion, data query, etc.) are all listed in this section.
  • Database Management Statement: statements about database management and authentication are all listed in this section.
  • Functions: functions that IoTDB offers are all listed in this section.

All of these statements are write in IoTDB’s own syntax, for details about the syntax composition, please check the Reference section.

Schema Statement

  • Set Storage Group
  1. SET STORAGE GROUP TO <PrefixPath>
  2. Eg: IoTDB > SET STORAGE GROUP TO root.ln.wf01.wt01
  3. Note: PrefixPath can not include `*`
  • Create Timeseries Statement
  1. CREATE TIMESERIES <Timeseries> WITH <AttributeClauses>
  2. AttributeClauses : DATATYPE=<DataTypeValue> COMMA ENCODING=<EncodingValue> [COMMA <ExtraAttributeClause>]*
  3. DataTypeValue: BOOLEAN | DOUBLE | FLOAT | INT32 | INT64 | TEXT
  4. EncodingValue: GORILLA | PLAIN | RLE | TS_2DIFF | REGULAR
  5. ExtraAttributeClause: {
  6. COMPRESSOR = <CompressorValue>
  7. MAX_POINT_NUMBER = Integer
  8. }
  9. CompressorValue: UNCOMPRESSED | SNAPPY
  10. Eg: IoTDB > CREATE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status WITH DATATYPE=BOOLEAN, ENCODING=PLAIN
  11. Eg: IoTDB > CREATE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WITH DATATYPE=FLOAT, ENCODING=RLE
  12. Eg: IoTDB > CREATE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WITH DATATYPE=FLOAT, ENCODING=RLE, COMPRESSOR=SNAPPY, MAX_POINT_NUMBER=3
  13. Note: Datatype and encoding type must be corresponding. Please check Chapter 3 Encoding Section for details.
  • Delete Timeseries Statement
  1. DELETE TIMESERIES <PrefixPath> [COMMA <PrefixPath>]*
  2. Eg: IoTDB > DELETE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
  3. Eg: IoTDB > DELETE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status, root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature
  4. Eg: IoTDB > DELETE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.*
  • Show All Timeseries Statement
  1. SHOW TIMESERIES
  2. Eg: IoTDB > SHOW TIMESERIES
  3. Note: This statement can only be used in IoTDB Client. If you need to show all timeseries in JDBC, please use `DataBaseMetadata` interface.
  • Show Specific Timeseries Statement
  1. SHOW TIMESERIES <Path>
  2. Eg: IoTDB > SHOW TIMESERIES root
  3. Eg: IoTDB > SHOW TIMESERIES root.ln
  4. Eg: IoTDB > SHOW TIMESERIES root.ln.*.*.status
  5. Eg: IoTDB > SHOW TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
  6. Note: The path can be prefix path, star path or timeseries path
  7. Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
  • Show Storage Group Statement
  1. SHOW STORAGE GROUP
  2. Eg: IoTDB > SHOW STORAGE GROUP
  3. Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.

Data Management Statement

  • Insert Record Statement
  1. INSERT INTO <PrefixPath> LPAREN TIMESTAMP COMMA <Sensor> [COMMA <Sensor>]* RPAREN VALUES LPAREN <TimeValue>, <PointValue> [COMMA <PointValue>]* RPAREN
  2. Sensor : Identifier
  3. Eg: IoTDB > INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) values(1509465600000,true)
  4. Eg: IoTDB > INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) VALUES(NOW(), false)
  5. Eg: IoTDB > INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,temperature) VALUES(2017-11-01T00:17:00.000+08:00,24.22028)
  6. Eg: IoTDB > INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp, status, temperature) VALUES (1509466680000, false, 20.060787);
  7. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  8. Note: The order of Sensor and PointValue need one-to-one correspondence
  • Update Record Statement
  1. UPDATE <UpdateClause> SET <SetClause> WHERE <WhereClause>
  2. UpdateClause: <prefixPath>
  3. SetClause: <SetExpression>
  4. SetExpression: <Path> EQUAL <PointValue>
  5. WhereClause : <Condition> [(AND | OR) <Condition>]*
  6. Condition : <Expression> [(AND | OR) <Expression>]*
  7. Expression : [NOT | !]? TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator <TimeValue>
  8. Eg: IoTDB > UPDATE root.ln.wf01.wt01 SET temperature = 23 WHERE time < NOW() and time > 2017-11-1T00:15:00+08:00
  9. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • Delete Record Statement
  1. DELETE FROM <PrefixPath> [COMMA <PrefixPath>]* WHERE TIME LESSTHAN <TimeValue>
  2. Eg: DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WHERE time < 2017-11-1T00:05:00+08:00
  3. Eg: DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.status, root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WHERE time < NOW()
  4. Eg: DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.* WHERE time < 1509466140000
  • Select Record Statement
  1. SELECT <SelectClause> FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. SelectClause : <SelectPath> (COMMA <SelectPath>)*
  3. SelectPath : <FUNCTION> LPAREN <Path> RPAREN | <Path>
  4. FUNCTION : COUNT , MIN_TIME’, MAX_TIME’, MIN_VALUE’, MAX_VALUE
  5. FromClause : <PrefixPath> (COMMA <PrefixPath>)?
  6. WhereClause : <Condition> [(AND | OR) <Condition>]*
  7. Condition : <Expression> [(AND | OR) <Expression>]*
  8. Expression : [NOT | !]? <TimeExpr> | [NOT | !]? <SensorExpr>
  9. TimeExpr : TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator <TimeValue>
  10. SensorExpr : (<Timeseries> | <Path>) PrecedenceEqualOperator <PointValue>
  11. Eg: IoTDB > SELECT status, temperature FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE temperature < 24 and time > 2017-11-1 0:13:00
  12. Eg. IoTDB > SELECT * FROM root
  13. Eg. IoTDB > SELECT COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 25
  14. Eg. IoTDB > SELECT MIN_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 25
  15. Eg. IoTDB > SELECT MAX_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature > 24
  16. Eg. IoTDB > SELECT MIN_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature > 23
  17. Eg. IoTDB > SELECT MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 25
  18. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <Path>(SelectClause) + <PrefixPath>(FromClause) = <Timeseries>
  19. Note: If the <SensorExpr>(WhereClause) is started with <Path> and not with ROOT, the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath>(FromClause) + <Path>(SensorExpr) = <Timeseries>
  20. Note: In Version 0.8.2, if <WhereClause> includes `OR`, time filter can not be used.
  • Group By Statement
  1. SELECT <SelectClause> FROM <FromClause> WHERE <WhereClause> GROUP BY <GroupByClause>
  2. SelectClause : <Function> [COMMA < Function >]*
  3. Function : <AggregationFunction> LPAREN <Path> RPAREN
  4. FromClause : <PrefixPath>
  5. WhereClause : <Condition> [(AND | OR) <Condition>]*
  6. Condition : <Expression> [(AND | OR) <Expression>]*
  7. Expression : [NOT | !]? <TimeExpr> | [NOT | !]? <SensorExpr>
  8. TimeExpr : TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator <TimeValue>
  9. SensorExpr : (<Timeseries> | <Path>) PrecedenceEqualOperator <PointValue>
  10. GroupByClause : LPAREN <TimeUnit> (COMMA TimeValue)? COMMA <TimeInterval> (COMMA <TimeInterval>)* RPAREN
  11. TimeUnit : Integer <DurationUnit>
  12. DurationUnit : "ms" | "s" | "m" | "h" | "d" | "w"
  13. TimeInterval: LBRACKET <TimeValue> COMMA <TimeValue> RBRACKET
  14. Eg: SELECT COUNT(status), COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 where temperature < 24 GROUP BY(5m, [1509465720000, 1509466380000])
  15. Eg. SELECT COUNT (status), MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time < 1509466500000 GROUP BY(5m, 1509465660000, [1509465720000, 1509466380000])
  16. Eg. SELECT MIN_TIME(status), MIN_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE temperature < 25 and time < 1509466800000 GROUP BY (3m, 1509465600000, [1509466140000, 1509466380000], [1509466440000, 1509466620000])
  17. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <Path>(SelectClause) + <PrefixPath>(FromClause) = <Timeseries>
  18. Note: If the <SensorExpr>(WhereClause) is started with <Path> and not with ROOT, the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath>(FromClause) + <Path>(SensorExpr) = <Timeseries>
  19. Note: <TimeValue>(TimeInterval) needs to be greater than 0
  20. Note: First <TimeValue>(TimeInterval) in needs to be smaller than second <TimeValue>(TimeInterval)
  • Fill Statement
  1. SELECT <SelectClause> FROM <FromClause> WHERE <WhereClause> FILL <FillClause>
  2. SelectClause : <Path> [COMMA <Path>]*
  3. FromClause : < PrefixPath > [COMMA < PrefixPath >]*
  4. WhereClause : <WhereExpression>
  5. WhereExpression : TIME EQUAL <TimeValue>
  6. FillClause : LPAREN <TypeClause> [COMMA <TypeClause>]* RPAREN
  7. TypeClause : <Int32Clause> | <Int64Clause> | <FloatClause> | <DoubleClause> | <BoolClause> | <TextClause>
  8. Int32Clause: INT32 LBRACKET (<LinearClause> | <PreviousClause>) RBRACKET
  9. Int64Clause: INT64 LBRACKET (<LinearClause> | <PreviousClause>) RBRACKET
  10. FloatClause: FLOAT LBRACKET (<LinearClause> | <PreviousClause>) RBRACKET
  11. DoubleClause: DOUBLE LBRACKET (<LinearClause> | <PreviousClause>) RBRACKET
  12. BoolClause: BOOLEAN LBRACKET (<LinearClause> | <PreviousClause>) RBRACKET
  13. TextClause: TEXT LBRACKET (<LinearClause> | <PreviousClause>) RBRACKET
  14. PreviousClause : PREVIOUS [COMMA <ValidPreviousTime>]?
  15. LinearClause : LINEAR [COMMA <ValidPreviousTime> COMMA <ValidBehindTime>]?
  16. ValidPreviousTime, ValidBehindTime: <TimeUnit>
  17. TimeUnit : Integer <DurationUnit>
  18. DurationUnit : "ms" | "s" | "m" | "h" | "d" | "w"
  19. Eg: SELECT temperature FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL(float[previous, 1m])
  20. Eg: SELECT temperature,status FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL (float[linear, 1m, 1m], boolean[previous, 1m])
  21. Eg: SELECT temperature,status,hardware FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL (float[linear, 1m, 1m], boolean[previous, 1m], text[previous])
  22. Eg: SELECT temperature,status,hardware FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL (float[linear], boolean[previous, 1m], text[previous])
  23. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath>(FromClause) + <Path>(SelectClause) = <Timeseries>
  24. Note: Integer in <TimeUnit> needs to be greater than 0
  • Limit Statement
  1. SELECT <SelectClause> FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>] [LIMIT <LIMITClause>] [SLIMIT <SLIMITClause>]
  2. SelectClause : [<Path> | Function]+
  3. Function : <AggregationFunction> LPAREN <Path> RPAREN
  4. FromClause : <Path>
  5. WhereClause : <Condition> [(AND | OR) <Condition>]*
  6. Condition : <Expression> [(AND | OR) <Expression>]*
  7. Expression: [NOT|!]?<TimeExpr> | [NOT|!]?<SensorExpr>
  8. TimeExpr : TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator <TimeValue>
  9. SensorExpr : (<Timeseries>|<Path>) PrecedenceEqualOperator <PointValue>
  10. LIMITClause : <N> [OFFSETClause]?
  11. N : NonNegativeInteger
  12. OFFSETClause : OFFSET <OFFSETValue>
  13. OFFSETValue : NonNegativeInteger
  14. SLIMITClause : <SN> [SOFFSETClause]?
  15. SN : NonNegativeInteger
  16. SOFFSETClause : SOFFSET <SOFFSETValue>
  17. SOFFSETValue : NonNegativeInteger
  18. NonNegativeInteger:= ('+')? Digit+
  19. Eg: IoTDB > SELECT status, temperature FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE temperature < 24 and time > 2017-11-1 0:13:00 LIMIT 3 OFFSET 2
  20. Eg. IoTDB > SELECT COUNT (status), MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time < 1509466500000 GROUP BY(5m, 1509465660000, [1509465720000, 1509466380000]) LIMIT 3
  21. Note: The order of <LIMITClause> and <SLIMITClause> does not affect the grammatical correctness.
  22. Note: <SLIMITClause> can only effect in Prefixpath and StarPath.
  23. Note: <FillClause> can not use <LIMITClause> but not <SLIMITClause>.

Database Management Statement

  • Create User
  1. CREATE USER <userName> <password>;
  2. userName:=identifier
  3. password:=identifier
  4. Eg: IoTDB > CREATE USER thulab pwd;
  • Delete User
  1. DROP USER <userName>;
  2. userName:=identifier
  3. Eg: IoTDB > DROP USER xiaoming;
  • Create Role
  1. CREATE ROLE <roleName>;
  2. roleName:=identifie
  3. Eg: IoTDB > CREATE ROLE admin;
  • Delete Role
  1. DROP ROLE <roleName>;
  2. roleName:=identifier
  3. Eg: IoTDB > DROP ROLE admin;
  • Grant User Privileges
  1. GRANT USER <userName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeName>;
  2. userName:=identifier
  3. nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*
  4. privileges:= string (COMMA string)*
  5. Eg: IoTDB > GRANT USER tempuser PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' on root.ln;
  • Grant Role Privileges
  1. GRANT ROLE <roleName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeName>;
  2. privileges:= string (COMMA string)*
  3. roleName:=identifier
  4. nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*
  5. Eg: IoTDB > GRANT ROLE temprole PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' ON root.ln;
  • Grant User Role
  1. GRANT <roleName> TO <userName>;
  2. roleName:=identifier
  3. userName:=identifier
  4. Eg: IoTDB > GRANT temprole TO tempuser;
  • Revoke User Privileges
  1. REVOKE USER <userName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeName>;
  2. privileges:= string (COMMA string)*
  3. userName:=identifier
  4. nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*
  5. Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE USER tempuser PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' on root.ln;
  • Revoke Role Privileges
  1. REVOKE ROLE <roleName> PRIVILEGES <privileges> ON <nodeName>;
  2. privileges:= string (COMMA string)*
  3. roleName:= identifier
  4. nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*
  5. Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE ROLE temprole PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' ON root.ln;
  • Revoke Role From User
  1. REVOKE <roleName> FROM <userName>;
  2. roleName:=identifier
  3. userName:=identifier
  4. Eg: IoTDB > REVOKE temproleFROM tempuser;
  • List Users
  1. LIST USER
  2. Eg: IoTDB > LIST USER
  • List Roles
  1. LIST ROLE
  2. Eg: IoTDB > LIST ROLE
  • List Privileges
  1. LIST PRIVILEGES USER <username> ON <path>;
  2. username:=identifier
  3. path=‘root (DOT identifier)*
  4. Eg: IoTDB > LIST PRIVIEGES USER sgcc_wirte_user ON root.sgcc;
  • List Privileges of Roles(On Specific Path)
  1. LIST PRIVILEGES ROLE <roleName> ON <path>;
  2. roleName:=identifier
  3. path=‘root (DOT identifier)*
  4. Eg: IoTDB > LIST PRIVIEGES ROLE wirte_role ON root.sgcc;
  • List Privileges of Users
  1. LIST USER PRIVILEGES <username> ;
  2. username:=identifier
  3. Eg: IoTDB > LIST USER PRIVIEGES tempuser;
  • List Privileges of Roles
  1. LIST ROLE PRIVILEGES <roleName>
  2. roleName:=identifier
  3. Eg: IoTDB > LIST ROLE PRIVIEGES actor;
  • List Roles of Users
  1. LIST ALL ROLE OF USER <username> ;
  2. username:=identifier
  3. Eg: IoTDB > LIST ALL ROLE OF USER tempuser;
  • List Users of Role
  1. LIST ALL USER OF ROLE <roleName>;
  2. roleName:=identifier
  3. Eg: IoTDB > LIST ALL USER OF ROLE roleuser;
  • Update Password
  1. UPDATE USER <username> SET PASSWORD <password>;
  2. roleName:=identifier
  3. password:=identifier
  4. Eg: IoTDB > UPDATE USER tempuser SET PASSWORD newpwd;

Functions

  • COUNT

The COUNT function returns the value number of timeseries(one or more) non-null values selected by the SELECT statement. The result is a signed 64-bit integer. If there are no matching rows, COUNT () returns 0.

  1. SELECT COUNT(Path) (COMMA COUNT(Path))* FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT COUNT(status), COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • FIRST

The FIRST function returns the first point value of the choosen timeseries(one or more).

  1. SELECT FIRST (Path) (COMMA FIRST (Path))* FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT FIRST (status), FIRST (temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • MAX_TIME

The MAX_TIME function returns the maximum timestamp of the choosen timeseries(one or more). The result is a signed 64-bit integer, greater than 0.

  1. SELECT MAX_TIME (Path) (COMMA MAX_TIME (Path))* FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT MAX_TIME(status), MAX_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • MAX_VALUE

The MAX_VALUE function returns the maximum value(lexicographically ordered) of the choosen timeseries (one or more).

  1. SELECT MAX_VALUE (Path) (COMMA MAX_VALUE (Path))* FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT MAX_VALUE(status), MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • MEAN

The MEAN function returns the arithmetic mean value of the choosen timeseries over a specified period of time. The timeseries must be int32, int64, float, double type, and the other types are not to be calculated. The result is a double type number.

  1. SELECT MEAN (Path) (COMMA MEAN (Path))* FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT MEAN (temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • MIN_TIME

The MIN_TIME function returns the minimum timestamp of the choosen timeseries(one or more). The result is a signed 64-bit integer, greater than 0.

  1. SELECT MIN_TIME (Path) (COMMA MIN_TIME (Path))*FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT MIN_TIME(status), MIN_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • MIN_VALUE

The MIN_VALUE function returns the minimum value(lexicographically ordered) of the choosen timeseries (one or more).

  1. SELECT MIN_VALUE (Path) (COMMA MIN_VALUE (Path))* FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT MIN_VALUE(status),MIN_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>
  • NOW

The NOW function returns the current timestamp. This function can be used in the data operation statement to represent time. The result is a signed 64-bit integer, greater than 0.

  1. NOW()
  2. Eg. INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) VALUES(NOW(), false)
  3. Eg. UPDATE root.ln.wf01.wt01 SET temperature = 23 WHERE time < NOW()
  4. Eg. DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.status, root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WHERE time < NOW()
  5. Eg. SELECT * FROM root WHERE time < NOW()
  6. Eg. SELECT COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time < NOW()
  • SUM

The SUM function returns the sum of the choosen timeseries (one or more) over a specified period of time. The timeseries must be int32, int64, float, double type, and the other types are not to be calculated. The result is a double type number.

  1. SELECT SUM(Path) (COMMA SUM(Path))* FROM <FromClause> [WHERE <WhereClause>]?
  2. Eg. SELECT SUM(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature < 24
  3. Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: <PrefixPath> + <Path> = <Timeseries>