Functions for working with arrays

empty

Returns 1 for an empty array, or 0 for a non-empty array.
The result type is UInt8.
The function also works for strings.

notEmpty

Returns 0 for an empty array, or 1 for a non-empty array.
The result type is UInt8.
The function also works for strings.

length

Returns the number of items in the array.
The result type is UInt64.
The function also works for strings.

emptyArrayUInt8, emptyArrayUInt16, emptyArrayUInt32, emptyArrayUInt64

emptyArrayInt8, emptyArrayInt16, emptyArrayInt32, emptyArrayInt64

emptyArrayFloat32, emptyArrayFloat64

emptyArrayDate, emptyArrayDateTime

emptyArrayString

Accepts zero arguments and returns an empty array of the appropriate type.

emptyArrayToSingle

Accepts an empty array and returns a one-element array that is equal to the default value.

range(end), range(start, end [, step])

Returns an array of numbers from start to end-1 by step.
If the argument start is not specified, defaults to 0.
If the argument step is not specified, defaults to 1.
It behaviors almost like pythonic range. But the difference is that all the arguments type must be UInt numbers.
Just in case, an exception is thrown if arrays with a total length of more than 100,000,000 elements are created in a data block.

array(x1, …), operator [x1, …]

Creates an array from the function arguments.
The arguments must be constants and have types that have the smallest common type. At least one argument must be passed, because otherwise it isn’t clear which type of array to create. That is, you can’t use this function to create an empty array (to do that, use the ‘emptyArray*‘ function described above).
Returns an ‘Array(T)’ type result, where ‘T’ is the smallest common type out of the passed arguments.

arrayConcat

Combines arrays passed as arguments.

arrayConcat(arrays)

Parameters

• arrays – Arbitrary number of arguments of Array type.
  Example

SELECT arrayConcat([1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]) AS res

┌─res───────────┐
│ [1,2,3,4,5,6] │
└───────────────┘

arrayElement(arr, n), operator arr[n]

Get the element with the index n from the array arr. n must be any integer type.
Indexes in an array begin from one.
Negative indexes are supported. In this case, it selects the corresponding element numbered from the end. For example, arr[-1] is the last item in the array.

If the index falls outside of the bounds of an array, it returns some default value (0 for numbers, an empty string for strings, etc.), except for the case with a non-constant array and a constant index 0 (in this case there will be an error Array indices are 1-based).

has(arr, elem)

Checks whether the ‘arr’ array has the ‘elem’ element.
Returns 0 if the the element is not in the array, or 1 if it is.

NULL is processed as a value.

SELECT has([1, 2, NULL], NULL)

┌─has([1, 2, NULL], NULL)─┐
│                       1 │
└─────────────────────────┘

hasAll

Checks whether one array is a subset of another.

hasAll(set, subset)

Parameters

• set – Array of any type with a set of elements.
• subset – Array of any type with elements that should be tested to be a subset of set.

Return values

• 1, if set contains all of the elements from subset.
• 0, otherwise.

Peculiar properties

• An empty array is a subset of any array.
• Null processed as a value.
• Order of values in both of arrays doesn’t matter.

Examples

SELECT hasAll([], []) returns 1.

SELECT hasAll([1, Null], [Null]) returns 1.

SELECT hasAll([1.0, 2, 3, 4], [1, 3]) returns 1.

SELECT hasAll(['a', 'b'], ['a']) returns 1.

SELECT hasAll([1], ['a']) returns 0.

SELECT hasAll([[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[1, 2], [3, 5]]) returns 0.

hasAny

Checks whether two arrays have intersection by some elements.

hasAny(array1, array2)

Parameters

• array1 – Array of any type with a set of elements.
• array2 – Array of any type with a set of elements.

Return values

• 1, if array1 and array2 have one similar element at least.
• 0, otherwise.

Peculiar properties

• Null processed as a value.
• Order of values in both of arrays doesn’t matter.

Examples

SELECT hasAny([1], []) returns 0.

SELECT hasAny([Null], [Null, 1]) returns 1.

SELECT hasAny([-128, 1., 512], [1]) returns 1.

SELECT hasAny([[1, 2], [3, 4]], ['a', 'c']) returns 0.

SELECT hasAll([[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[1, 2], [1, 2]]) returns 1.

indexOf(arr, x)

Returns the index of the first ‘x’ element (starting from 1) if it is in the array, or 0 if it is not.

Example:

SELECT indexOf([1, 3, NULL, NULL], NULL)

┌─indexOf([1, 3, NULL, NULL], NULL)─┐
│                                 3 │
└───────────────────────────────────┘

Elements set to NULL are handled as normal values.

countEqual(arr, x)

Returns the number of elements in the array equal to x. Equivalent to arrayCount (elem -> elem = x, arr).

NULL elements are handled as separate values.

Example:

SELECT countEqual([1, 2, NULL, NULL], NULL)

┌─countEqual([1, 2, NULL, NULL], NULL)─┐
│                                    2 │
└──────────────────────────────────────┘

arrayEnumerate(arr)

Returns the array [1, 2, 3, …, length (arr) ]

This function is normally used with ARRAY JOIN. It allows counting something just once for each array after applying ARRAY JOIN. Example:

SELECT
    count() AS Reaches,
    countIf(num = 1) AS Hits
FROM test.hits
ARRAY JOIN
    GoalsReached,
    arrayEnumerate(GoalsReached) AS num
WHERE CounterID = 160656
LIMIT 10

┌─Reaches─┬──Hits─┐
│   95606 │ 31406 │
└─────────┴───────┘

In this example, Reaches is the number of conversions (the strings received after applying ARRAY JOIN), and Hits is the number of pageviews (strings before ARRAY JOIN). In this particular case, you can get the same result in an easier way:

SELECT
    sum(length(GoalsReached)) AS Reaches,
    count() AS Hits
FROM test.hits
WHERE (CounterID = 160656) AND notEmpty(GoalsReached)

┌─Reaches─┬──Hits─┐
│   95606 │ 31406 │
└─────────┴───────┘

This function can also be used in higher-order functions. For example, you can use it to get array indexes for elements that match a condition.

arrayEnumerateUniq(arr, …)

Returns an array the same size as the source array, indicating for each element what its position is among elements with the same value.
For example: arrayEnumerateUniq([10, 20, 10, 30]) = [1, 1, 2, 1].

This function is useful when using ARRAY JOIN and aggregation of array elements.
Example:

SELECT
    Goals.ID AS GoalID,
    sum(Sign) AS Reaches,
    sumIf(Sign, num = 1) AS Visits
FROM test.visits
ARRAY JOIN
    Goals,
    arrayEnumerateUniq(Goals.ID) AS num
WHERE CounterID = 160656
GROUP BY GoalID
ORDER BY Reaches DESC
LIMIT 10

┌──GoalID─┬─Reaches─┬─Visits─┐
│   53225 │    3214 │   1097 │
│ 2825062 │    3188 │   1097 │
│   56600 │    2803 │    488 │
│ 1989037 │    2401 │    365 │
│ 2830064 │    2396 │    910 │
│ 1113562 │    2372 │    373 │
│ 3270895 │    2262 │    812 │
│ 1084657 │    2262 │    345 │
│   56599 │    2260 │    799 │
│ 3271094 │    2256 │    812 │
└─────────┴─────────┴────────┘

In this example, each goal ID has a calculation of the number of conversions (each element in the Goals nested data structure is a goal that was reached, which we refer to as a conversion) and the number of sessions. Without ARRAY JOIN, we would have counted the number of sessions as sum(Sign). But in this particular case, the rows were multiplied by the nested Goals structure, so in order to count each session one time after this, we apply a condition to the value of the arrayEnumerateUniq(Goals.ID) function.

The arrayEnumerateUniq function can take multiple arrays of the same size as arguments. In this case, uniqueness is considered for tuples of elements in the same positions in all the arrays.

SELECT arrayEnumerateUniq([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2], [1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2]) AS res

┌─res───────────┐
│ [1,2,1,1,2,1] │
└───────────────┘

This is necessary when using ARRAY JOIN with a nested data structure and further aggregation across multiple elements in this structure.

arrayPopBack

Removes the last item from the array.

arrayPopBack(array)

Parameters

• array – Array.

Example

SELECT arrayPopBack([1, 2, 3]) AS res

┌─res───┐
│ [1,2] │
└───────┘

arrayPopFront

Removes the first item from the array.

arrayPopFront(array)

Parameters

• array – Array.

Example

SELECT arrayPopFront([1, 2, 3]) AS res

┌─res───┐
│ [2,3] │
└───────┘

arrayPushBack

Adds one item to the end of the array.

arrayPushBack(array, single_value)

Parameters

• array – Array.
• single_value – A single value. Only numbers can be added to an array with numbers, and only strings can be added to an array of strings. When adding numbers, ClickHouse automatically sets the single_value type for the data type of the array. For more information about the types of data in ClickHouse, see “Data types“. Can be NULL. The function adds a NULL element to an array, and the type of array elements converts to Nullable.

Example

SELECT arrayPushBack(['a'], 'b') AS res

┌─res───────┐
│ ['a','b'] │
└───────────┘

arrayPushFront

Adds one element to the beginning of the array.

arrayPushFront(array, single_value)

Parameters

• array – Array.
• single_value – A single value. Only numbers can be added to an array with numbers, and only strings can be added to an array of strings. When adding numbers, ClickHouse automatically sets the single_value type for the data type of the array. For more information about the types of data in ClickHouse, see “Data types“. Can be NULL. The function adds a NULL element to an array, and the type of array elements converts to Nullable.

Example

SELECT arrayPushFront(['b'], 'a') AS res

┌─res───────┐
│ ['a','b'] │
└───────────┘

arrayResize

Changes the length of the array.

arrayResize(array, size[, extender])

Parameters:

• array — Array.
• size — Required length of the array.
  • If size is less than the original size of the array, the array is truncated from the right.
• If size is larger than the initial size of the array, the array is extended to the right with extender values or default values for the data type of the array items.
• extender — Value for extending an array. Can be NULL.

Returned value:

An array of length size.

Examples of calls

SELECT arrayResize([1], 3)

┌─arrayResize([1], 3)─┐
│ [1,0,0]             │
└─────────────────────┘

SELECT arrayResize([1], 3, NULL)

┌─arrayResize([1], 3, NULL)─┐
│ [1,NULL,NULL]             │
└───────────────────────────┘

arraySlice

Returns a slice of the array.

arraySlice(array, offset[, length])

Parameters

• array – Array of data.
• offset – Indent from the edge of the array. A positive value indicates an offset on the left, and a negative value is an indent on the right. Numbering of the array items begins with 1.
• length - The length of the required slice. If you specify a negative value, the function returns an open slice [offset, array_length - length). If you omit the value, the function returns the slice [offset, the_end_of_array].

Example

SELECT arraySlice([1, 2, NULL, 4, 5], 2, 3) AS res

┌─res────────┐
│ [2,NULL,4] │
└────────────┘

Array elements set to NULL are handled as normal values.

arraySort([func,] arr, …)

Sorts the elements of the arr array in ascending order. If the func function is specified, sorting order is determined by the result of the func function applied to the elements of the array. If func accepts multiple arguments, the arraySort function is passed several arrays that the arguments of func will correspond to. Detailed examples are shown at the end of arraySort description.

Example of integer values sorting:

SELECT arraySort([1, 3, 3, 0]);

┌─arraySort([1, 3, 3, 0])─┐
│ [0,1,3,3]               │
└─────────────────────────┘

Example of string values sorting:

SELECT arraySort(['hello', 'world', '!']);

┌─arraySort(['hello', 'world', '!'])─┐
│ ['!','hello','world']              │
└────────────────────────────────────┘

Consider the following sorting order for the NULL, NaN and Inf values:

SELECT arraySort([1, nan, 2, NULL, 3, nan, -4, NULL, inf, -inf]);

┌─arraySort([1, nan, 2, NULL, 3, nan, -4, NULL, inf, -inf])─┐
│ [-inf,-4,1,2,3,inf,nan,nan,NULL,NULL]                     │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

• -Inf values are first in the array.
• NULL values are last in the array.
• NaN values are right before NULL.
• Inf values are right before NaN.

Note that arraySort is a higher-order function. You can pass a lambda function to it as the first argument. In this case, sorting order is determined by the result of the lambda function applied to the elements of the array.

Let’s consider the following example:

SELECT arraySort((x) -> -x, [1, 2, 3]) as res;

┌─res─────┐
│ [3,2,1] │
└─────────┘

For each element of the source array, the lambda function returns the sorting key, that is, [1 –> -1, 2 –> -2, 3 –> -3]. Since the arraySort function sorts the keys in ascending order, the result is [3, 2, 1]. Thus, the (x) –> -x lambda function sets the descending order in a sorting.

The lambda function can accept multiple arguments. In this case, you need to pass the arraySort function several arrays of identical length that the arguments of lambda function will correspond to. The resulting array will consist of elements from the first input array; elements from the next input array(s) specify the sorting keys. For example:

SELECT arraySort((x, y) -> y, ['hello', 'world'], [2, 1]) as res;

┌─res────────────────┐
│ ['world', 'hello'] │
└────────────────────┘

Here, the elements that are passed in the second array ([2, 1]) define a sorting key for the corresponding element from the source array ([‘hello’, ‘world’]), that is, [‘hello’ –> 2, ‘world’ –> 1]. Since the lambda function doesn’t use x, actual values of the source array don’t affect the order in the result. So, ‘hello’ will be the second element in the result, and ‘world’ will be the first.

Other examples are shown below.

SELECT arraySort((x, y) -> y, [0, 1, 2], ['c', 'b', 'a']) as res;

┌─res─────┐
│ [2,1,0] │
└─────────┘

SELECT arraySort((x, y) -> -y, [0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3]) as res;

┌─res─────┐
│ [2,1,0] │
└─────────┘

Note

To improve sorting efficiency, the Schwartzian transform is used.

arrayReverseSort([func,] arr, …)

Sorts the elements of the arr array in descending order. If the func function is specified, arr is sorted according to the result of the func function applied to the elements of the array, and then the sorted array is reversed. If func accepts multiple arguments, the arrayReverseSort function is passed several arrays that the arguments of func will correspond to. Detailed examples are shown at the end of arrayReverseSort description.

Example of integer values sorting:

SELECT arrayReverseSort([1, 3, 3, 0]);

┌─arrayReverseSort([1, 3, 3, 0])─┐
│ [3,3,1,0]                      │
└────────────────────────────────┘

Example of string values sorting:

SELECT arrayReverseSort(['hello', 'world', '!']);

┌─arrayReverseSort(['hello', 'world', '!'])─┐
│ ['world','hello','!']                     │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘

Consider the following sorting order for the NULL, NaN and Inf values:

SELECT arrayReverseSort([1, nan, 2, NULL, 3, nan, -4, NULL, inf, -inf]) as res;

┌─res───────────────────────────────────┐
│ [inf,3,2,1,-4,-inf,nan,nan,NULL,NULL] │
└───────────────────────────────────────┘

• Inf values are first in the array.
• NULL values are last in the array.
• NaN values are right before NULL.
• -Inf values are right before NaN.

Note that the arrayReverseSort is a higher-order function. You can pass a lambda function to it as the first argument. Example is shown below.

SELECT arrayReverseSort((x) -> -x, [1, 2, 3]) as res;

┌─res─────┐
│ [1,2,3] │
└─────────┘

The array is sorted in the following way:

1. At first, the source array ([1, 2, 3]) is sorted according to the result of the lambda function applied to the elements of the array. The result is an array [3, 2, 1].
2. Array that is obtained on the previous step, is reversed. So, the final result is [1, 2, 3].

The lambda function can accept multiple arguments. In this case, you need to pass the arrayReverseSort function several arrays of identical length that the arguments of lambda function will correspond to. The resulting array will consist of elements from the first input array; elements from the next input array(s) specify the sorting keys. For example:

SELECT arrayReverseSort((x, y) -> y, ['hello', 'world'], [2, 1]) as res;

┌─res───────────────┐
│ ['hello','world'] │
└───────────────────┘

In this example, the array is sorted in the following way:

1. At first, the source array ([‘hello’, ‘world’]) is sorted according to the result of the lambda function applied to the elements of the arrays. The elements that are passed in the second array ([2, 1]), define the sorting keys for corresponding elements from the source array. The result is an array [‘world’, ‘hello’].
2. Array that was sorted on the previous step, is reversed. So, the final result is [‘hello’, ‘world’].

Other examples are shown below.

SELECT arrayReverseSort((x, y) -> y, [4, 3, 5], ['a', 'b', 'c']) AS res;

┌─res─────┐
│ [5,3,4] │
└─────────┘

SELECT arrayReverseSort((x, y) -> -y, [4, 3, 5], [1, 2, 3]) AS res;

┌─res─────┐
│ [4,3,5] │
└─────────┘

arrayUniq(arr, …)

If one argument is passed, it counts the number of different elements in the array.
If multiple arguments are passed, it counts the number of different tuples of elements at corresponding positions in multiple arrays.

If you want to get a list of unique items in an array, you can use arrayReduce(‘groupUniqArray’, arr).

arrayJoin(arr)

A special function. See the section “ArrayJoin function”.

arrayDifference

Calculates the difference between adjacent array elements. Returns an array where the first element will be 0, the second is the difference between a[1] - a[0], etc. The type of elements in the resulting array is determined by the type inference rules for subtraction (e.g. UInt8 - UInt8 = Int16).

Syntax

arrayDifference(array)

Parameters

• array – Array.

Returned values

Returns an array of differences between adjacent elements.

Type: UInt*, Int*, Float*.

Example

Query:

SELECT arrayDifference([1, 2, 3, 4])

Result:

┌─arrayDifference([1, 2, 3, 4])─┐
│ [0,1,1,1]                     │
└───────────────────────────────┘

Example of the overflow due to result type Int64:

Query:

SELECT arrayDifference([0, 10000000000000000000])

Result:

┌─arrayDifference([0, 10000000000000000000])─┐
│ [0,-8446744073709551616]                   │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘

arrayDistinct

Takes an array, returns an array containing the distinct elements only.

Syntax

arrayDistinct(array)

Parameters

• array – Array.

Returned values

Returns an array containing the distinct elements.

Example

Query:

SELECT arrayDistinct([1, 2, 2, 3, 1])

Result:

┌─arrayDistinct([1, 2, 2, 3, 1])─┐
│ [1,2,3]                        │
└────────────────────────────────┘

arrayEnumerateDense(arr)

Returns an array of the same size as the source array, indicating where each element first appears in the source array.

Example:

SELECT arrayEnumerateDense([10, 20, 10, 30])

┌─arrayEnumerateDense([10, 20, 10, 30])─┐
│ [1,2,1,3]                             │
└───────────────────────────────────────┘

arrayIntersect(arr)

Takes multiple arrays, returns an array with elements that are present in all source arrays. Elements order in the resulting array is the same as in the first array.

Example:

SELECT
    arrayIntersect([1, 2], [1, 3], [2, 3]) AS no_intersect,
    arrayIntersect([1, 2], [1, 3], [1, 4]) AS intersect

┌─no_intersect─┬─intersect─┐
│ []           │ [1]       │
└──────────────┴───────────┘

arrayReduce(agg_func, arr1, …)

Applies an aggregate function to array elements and returns its result. The name of the aggregation function is passed as a string in single quotes 'max', 'sum'. When using parametric aggregate functions, the parameter is indicated after the function name in parentheses 'uniqUpTo(6)'.

Example:

SELECT arrayReduce('max', [1, 2, 3])

┌─arrayReduce('max', [1, 2, 3])─┐
│                             3 │
└───────────────────────────────┘

If an aggregate function takes multiple arguments, then this function must be applied to multiple arrays of the same size.

Example:

SELECT arrayReduce('maxIf', [3, 5], [1, 0])

┌─arrayReduce('maxIf', [3, 5], [1, 0])─┐
│                                    3 │
└──────────────────────────────────────┘

Example with a parametric aggregate function:

SELECT arrayReduce('uniqUpTo(3)', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])

┌─arrayReduce('uniqUpTo(3)', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])─┐
│                                                           4 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

arrayReverse(arr)

Returns an array of the same size as the original array containing the elements in reverse order.

Example:

SELECT arrayReverse([1, 2, 3])

┌─arrayReverse([1, 2, 3])─┐
│ [3,2,1]                 │
└─────────────────────────┘

reverse(arr)

Synonym for “arrayReverse”

arrayFlatten

Converts an array of arrays to a flat array.

Function:

• Applies to any depth of nested arrays.
• Does not change arrays that are already flat.

The flattened array contains all the elements from all source arrays.

Syntax

flatten(array_of_arrays)

Alias: flatten.

Parameters

• array_of_arrays — Array of arrays. For example, [[1,2,3], [4,5]].

Examples

SELECT flatten([[[1]], [[2], [3]]])

┌─flatten(array(array([1]), array([2], [3])))─┐
│ [1,2,3]                                     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

arrayCompact

Removes consecutive duplicate elements from an array. The order of result values is determined by the order in the source array.

Syntax

arrayCompact(arr)

Parameters

arr — The array to inspect.

Returned value

The array without duplicate.

Type: Array.

Example

Query:

SELECT arrayCompact([1, 1, nan, nan, 2, 3, 3, 3])

Result:

┌─arrayCompact([1, 1, nan, nan, 2, 3, 3, 3])─┐
│ [1,nan,nan,2,3]                            │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘

arrayZip

Combine multiple Array type columns into one Array[Tuple(…)] column

Syntax

arrayZip(arr1, arr2, ..., arrN)

Parameters

arr — Any number of array type columns to combine.

Returned value

The result of Array[Tuple(…)] type after the combination of these arrays

Example

Query:

SELECT arrayZip(['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d', 'e', 'f']);

Result:

┌─arrayZip(['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d', 'e', 'f'])─┐
│ [('a','d'),('b','e'),('c','f')]            │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘