Dart cheatsheet codelab

The Dart language is designed to be easy to learn forcoders coming from other languages,but it has a few unique features.This codelab — which is based on aDart language cheatsheetwritten by and for Google engineers —walks you through the most important of these language features.

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String interpolation

To put the value of an expression inside a string, use ${expression}.If the expression is an identifier, you can omit the {}.

Here are some examples of using string interpolation:

Code example

The following function takes two integers as parameters.Make it return a string containing both integers separated by a space.For example, stringify(2, 3) should return '2 3'.

Null-aware operators

Dart offers some handy operators for dealing with values that might be null. One is the??= assignment operator, which assigns a value to a variable only if thatvariable is currently null:

int a; // The initial value of a is null.
a ??= 3;
print(a); // <-- Prints 3.
a ??= 5;
print(a); // <-- Still prints 3.

Another null-aware operator is ??,which returns the expression on its left unless that expression’s value is null,in which case it evaluates and returns the expression on its right:

print(1 ?? 3); // <-- Prints 1.
print(null ?? 12); // <-- Prints 12.

Code example

Try putting the ??= and ?? operators to work below.

Conditional property access

To guard access to a property or method of an object that might be null,put a question mark (?) before the dot (.):

myObject?.someProperty

The preceding code is equivalent to the following:

(myObject != null) ? myObject.someProperty : null

You can chain multiple uses of ?. together in a single expression:

myObject?.someProperty?.someMethod()

The preceding code returns null (and never calls someMethod()) if eithermyObject or myObject.someProperty isnull.

Code example

Try using conditional property access to finish the code snippet below.

Collection literals

Dart has built-in support for lists, maps, and sets.You can create them using literals:

final aListOfStrings = ['one', 'two', 'three'];
final aSetOfStrings = {'one', 'two', 'three'};
final aMapOfStringsToInts = {
  'one': 1,
  'two': 2,
  'three': 3,
};

Dart’s type inference can assign types to these variables for you.In this case, the inferred types are List<String>,Set<String>, and Map<String, int>.

Or you can specify the type yourself:

final aListOfInts = <int>[];
final aSetOfInts = <int>{};
final aMapOfIntToDouble = <int, double>{};

Specifying types is handy when you initialize a list with contents of a subtype,but still want the list to be List<BaseType>:

final aListOfBaseType = <BaseType>[SubType(), SubType()];

Code example

Try setting the following variables to the indicated values.

Arrow syntax

You might have seen the => symbol in Dart code.This arrow syntax is a way to define a function that executes theexpression to its right and returns its value.

For example, consider this call to the List class’sany() method:

bool hasEmpty = aListOfStrings.any((s) {
  return s.isEmpty;
});

Here’s a simpler way to write that code:

bool hasEmpty = aListOfStrings.any((s) => s.isEmpty);

Code example

Try finishing the following statements, which use arrow syntax.

Cascades

To perform a sequence of operations on the same object, use cascades (..).We’ve all seen an expression like this:

myObject.someMethod()

It invokes someMethod() on myObject, and the result ofthe expression is the return value of someMethod().

Here’s the same expression with a cascade:

myObject..someMethod()

Although it still invokes someMethod() on myObject, the resultof the expression isn’t the return value — it’s a reference to myObject!Using cascades, you can chain together operations thatwould otherwise require separate statements.For example, consider this code:

var button = querySelector('#confirm');
button.text = 'Confirm';
button.classes.add('important');
button.onClick.listen((e) => window.alert('Confirmed!'));

With cascades, the code becomes much shorter,and you don’t need the button variable:

querySelector('#confirm')
..text = 'Confirm'
..classes.add('important')
..onClick.listen((e) => window.alert('Confirmed!'));

Code example

Use cascades to create a single statement thatsets the anInt, aString, and aList properties of a BigObjectto 1, 'String!', and [3.0] (respectively)and then calls allDone().

Getters and setters

You can define getters and setterswhenever you need more control over a propertythan a simple field allows.

For example, you can make sure a property’s value is valid:

class MyClass {
  int _aProperty = 0;
  int get aProperty => _aProperty;
  set aProperty(int value) {
    if (value >= 0) {
      _aProperty = value;
    }
  }
}

You can also use a getter to define a computed property:

class MyClass {
  List<int> _values = [];
  void addValue(int value) {
    _values.add(value);
  }
  // A computed property.
  int get count {
    return _values.length;
  }
}

Code example

Imagine you have a shopping cart class that keeps a private List<double>of prices.Add the following:

• A getter called total that returns the sum of the prices
• A setter that replaces the list with a new one,as long as the new list doesn’t contain any negative prices(in which case the setter should throw an InvalidPriceException).

Optional positional parameters

Dart has two kinds of function parameters: positional and named. Positional parameters are the kindyou’re likely familiar with:

int sumUp(int a, int b, int c) {
  return a + b + c;
}
int total = sumUp(1, 2, 3);

With Dart, you can make these positional parameters optional by wrapping them in brackets:

int sumUpToFive(int a, [int b, int c, int d, int e]) {
  int sum = a;
  if (b != null) sum += b;
  if (c != null) sum += c;
  if (d != null) sum += d;
  if (e != null) sum += e;
  return sum;
}
int total = sumUptoFive(1, 2);
int otherTotal = sumUpToFive(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

Optional positional parameters are always lastin a function’s parameter list.Their default value is null unless you provide another default value:

int sumUpToFive(int a, [int b = 2, int c = 3, int d = 4, int e = 5]) {
  ...
}
int newTotal = sumUpToFive(1);
print(newTotal); // <-- prints 15

Code example

Implement a function called joinWithCommas() that accepts one tofive integers, then returns a string of those numbers separated by commas.Here are some examples of function calls and returned values:

Optional named parameters

Using a curly brace syntax,you can define optional parameters that have names.

void printName(String firstName, String lastName, {String suffix}) {
  print('$firstName $lastName ${suffix ?? ''}');
}
printName('Avinash', 'Gupta');
printName('Poshmeister', 'Moneybuckets', suffix: 'IV');

As you might expect, the value of these parameters is null by default,but you can provide default values:

void printName(String firstName, String lastName, {String suffix = ''}) {
  print('$firstName $lastName ${suffix}');
}

A function can’t have both optional positional and optional named parameters.

Code example

Add a copyWith() instance method to the MyDataObjectclass. It should take three named parameters:

• int newInt
• String newString
• double newDouble

When called, copyWith() should return a new MyDataObjectbased on the current instance,with data from the preceding parameters (if any)copied into the object’s properties.For example, if newInt is non-null,then copy its value into anInt.

Exceptions

Dart code can throw and catch exceptions. In contrast to Java, all of Dart’s exceptions are uncheckedexceptions. Methods don’t declare which exceptions they might throw, and you aren’t required to catchany exceptions.

Dart provides Exception and Error types, but you’reallowed to throw any non-null object:

throw Exception('Something bad happened.');
throw 'Waaaaaaah!';

Use the try, on, and catch keywords when handling exceptions:

try {
  breedMoreLlamas();
} on OutOfLlamasException {
  // A specific exception
  buyMoreLlamas();
} on Exception catch (e) {
  // Anything else that is an exception
  print('Unknown exception: $e');
} catch (e) {
  // No specified type, handles all
  print('Something really unknown: $e');
}

The try keyword works as it does in most other languages.Use the on keyword to filter for specific exceptions by type,and the catch keyword to get a reference to the exception object.

If you can’t completely handle the exception, use the rethrow keywordto propagate the exception:

try {
  breedMoreLlamas();
} catch (e) {
  print('I was just trying to breed llamas!.');
  rethrow;
}

To execute code whether or not an exception is thrown,use finally:

try {
  breedMoreLlamas();
} catch (e) {
  … handle exception ...
} finally {
  // Always clean up, even if an exception is thrown.
  cleanLlamaStalls();
}

Code example

Implement tryFunction() below. It should execute an untrustworthy method andthen do the following:

• If untrustworthy() throws an ExceptionWithMessage,call logger.logException with the exception type and message(try using on and catch).
• If untrustworthy() throws an Exception,call logger.logException with the exception type(try using on for this one).
• If untrustworthy() throws any other object, don’t catch the exception.
• After everything’s caught and handled, call logger.doneLogging(try using finally).

Using this in a constructor

Dart provides a handy shortcut for assigningvalues to properties in a constructor:use this.propertyName when declaring the constructor:

class MyColor {
  int red;
  int green;
  int blue;
  MyColor(this.red, this.green, this.blue);
}
final color = MyColor(80, 80, 128);

This technique works for named parameters, too.Property names become the names of the parameters:

class MyColor {
  ...
  MyColor({this.red, this.green, this.blue});
}
final color = MyColor(red: 80, green: 80, blue: 80);

For optional parameters, default values work as expected:

MyColor([this.red = 0, this.green = 0, this.blue = 0]);
// or
MyColor({this.red = 0, this.green = 0, this.blue = 0});

Code example

Add a one-line constructor to MyClass that usesthis. syntax to receive and assign values forall three properties of the class.

Initializer lists

Sometimes when you implement a constructor,you need to do some setup before the constructor body executes.For example, final fields must have valuesbefore the constructor body executes.Do this work in an initializer list,which goes between the constructor’s signature and its body:

Point.fromJson(Map<String, num> json)
    : x = json['x'],
      y = json['y'] {
  print('In Point.fromJson(): ($x, $y)');
}

The initializer list is also a handy place to put asserts,which run only during development:

NonNegativePoint(this.x, this.y)
    : assert(x >= 0),
      assert(y >= 0) {
  print('I just made a NonNegativePoint: ($x, $y)');
}

Code example

Complete the FirstTwoLetters constructor below.Use an initializer list to assign the first two characters in word tothe letterOne and LetterTwo properties.For extra credit, add an assert to catch words of less than two characters.

Named constructors

To allow classes to have multiple constructors,Dart supports named constructors:

class Point {
  num x, y;
  Point(this.x, this.y);
  Point.origin() {
    x = 0;
    y = 0;
  }
}

To use a named constructor, invoke it using its full name:

final myPoint = Point.origin();

Code example

Give the Color class a constructor named Color.blackthat sets all three properties to zero.

Factory constructors

Dart supports factory constructors,which can return subtypes or even null.To create a factory constructor, use the factory keyword:

class Square extends Shape {}
class Circle extends Shape {}
class Shape {
  Shape();
  factory Shape.fromTypeName(String typeName) {
    if (typeName == 'square') return Square();
    if (typeName == 'circle') return Circle();
    print('I don\'t recognize $typeName');
    return null;
  }
}

Code example

Fill in the factory constructor named IntegerHolder.fromList,making it do the following:

• If the list has one value,create an IntegerSingle with that value.
• If the list has two values,create an IntegerDouble with the values in order.
• If the list has three values,create an IntegerTriple with the values in order.
• Otherwise, return null.

Redirecting constructors

Sometimes a constructor’s only purpose is to redirect toanother constructor in the same class.A redirecting constructor’s body is empty,with the constructor call appearing after a colon (:).

class Automobile {
  String make;
  String model;
  int mpg;
  // The main constructor for this class.
  Automobile(this.make, this.model, this.mpg);
  // Delegates to the main constructor.
  Automobile.hybrid(String make, String model) : this(make, model, 60);
  // Delegates to a named constructor
  Automobile.fancyHybrid() : this.hybrid('Futurecar', 'Mark 2');
}

Code example

Remember the Color class from above? Create a named constructor calledblack, but rather than manually assigning the properties, redirect it to thedefault constructor with zeros as the arguments.

Const constructors

If your class produces objects that never change, you can make these objects compile-time constants. Todo this, define a const constructor and make sure that all instance variablesare final.

class ImmutablePoint {
  const ImmutablePoint(this.x, this.y);
  final int x;
  final int y;
  static const ImmutablePoint origin =
      ImmutablePoint(0, 0);
}

Code example

Modify the Recipe class so its instances can be constants,and create a constant constructor that does the following:

• Has three parameters: ingredients, calories,and milligramsOfSodium (in that order).
• Uses this. syntax to automatically assign the parameter values to theobject properties of the same name.
• Is constant, with the const keyword just beforeRecipe in the constructor declaration.

What next?

We hope you enjoyed using this codelab to learn or test your knowledge ofsome of the most interesting features of the Dart language.Here are some suggestions for what to do now:

• Try other Dart codelabs.
• Read the Dart language tour.
• Play with DartPad.
• Get the Dart SDK.