Testing

Testing is an integral part of every software development process as such Apache Flink comes with tooling to test your application code on multiple levels of the testing pyramid.

Testing User-Defined Functions

Usually, one can assume that Flink produces correct results outside of a user-defined function. Therefore, it is recommended to test those classes that contain the main business logic with unit tests as much as possible.

Unit Testing Stateless, Timeless UDFs

For example, let’s take the following stateless MapFunction.

public class IncrementMapFunction implements MapFunction<Long, Long> {
    @Override
    public Long map(Long record) throws Exception {
        return record + 1;
    }
}

class IncrementMapFunction extends MapFunction[Long, Long] {
    override def map(record: Long): Long = {
        record + 1
    }
}

It is very easy to unit test such a function with your favorite testing framework by passing suitable arguments and verifying the output.

public class IncrementMapFunctionTest {
    @Test
    public void testIncrement() throws Exception {
        // instantiate your function
        IncrementMapFunction incrementer = new IncrementMapFunction();
        // call the methods that you have implemented
        assertEquals(3L, incrementer.map(2L));
    }
}

class IncrementMapFunctionTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
    "IncrementMapFunction" should "increment values" in {
        // instantiate your function
        val incrementer: IncrementMapFunction = new IncrementMapFunction()
        // call the methods that you have implemented
        incremeter.map(2) should be (3)
    }
}

Similarly, a user-defined function which uses an org.apache.flink.util.Collector (e.g. a FlatMapFunction or ProcessFunction) can be easily tested by providing a mock object instead of a real collector. A FlatMapFunction with the same functionality as the IncrementMapFunction could be unit tested as follows.

public class IncrementFlatMapFunctionTest {
    @Test
    public void testIncrement() throws Exception {
        // instantiate your function
        IncrementFlatMapFunction incrementer = new IncrementFlatMapFunction();
        Collector<Integer> collector = mock(Collector.class);
        // call the methods that you have implemented
        incrementer.flatMap(2L, collector);
        //verify collector was called with the right output
        Mockito.verify(collector, times(1)).collect(3L);
    }
}

class IncrementFlatMapFunctionTest extends FlatSpec with MockFactory {
    "IncrementFlatMapFunction" should "increment values" in {
       // instantiate your function
      val incrementer : IncrementFlatMapFunction = new IncrementFlatMapFunction()
      val collector = mock[Collector[Integer]]
      //verify collector was called with the right output
      (collector.collect _).expects(3)
      // call the methods that you have implemented
      flattenFunction.flatMap(2, collector)
  }
}

Unit Testing Stateful or Timely UDFs & Custom Operators

Testing the functionality of a user-defined function, which makes use of managed state or timers is more difficult because it involves testing the interaction between the user code and Flink’s runtime. For this Flink comes with a collection of so called test harnesses, which can be used to test such user-defined functions as well as custom operators:

• OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness (for operators on DataStreams)
• KeyedOneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness (for operators on KeyedStreams)
• TwoInputStreamOperatorTestHarness (for operators of ConnectedStreams of two DataStreams)
• KeyedTwoInputStreamOperatorTestHarness (for operators on ConnectedStreams of two KeyedStreams)

To use the test harnesses a set of additional dependencies (test scoped) is needed.

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
  <artifactId>flink-test-utils_2.11</artifactId>
  <version>1.11.0</version>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
  <artifactId>flink-runtime_2.11</artifactId>
  <version>1.11.0</version>
  <scope>test</scope>
  <classifier>tests</classifier>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
  <artifactId>flink-streaming-java_2.11</artifactId>
  <version>1.11.0</version>
  <scope>test</scope>
  <classifier>tests</classifier>
</dependency>

Now, the test harnesses can be used to push records and watermarks into your user-defined functions or custom operators, control processing time and finally assert on the output of the operator (including side outputs).

public class StatefulFlatMapTest {
    private OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness<Long, Long> testHarness;
    private StatefulFlatMap statefulFlatMapFunction;
    @Before
    public void setupTestHarness() throws Exception {
        //instantiate user-defined function
        statefulFlatMapFunction = new StatefulFlatMapFunction();
        // wrap user defined function into a the corresponding operator
        testHarness = new OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness<>(new StreamFlatMap<>(statefulFlatMapFunction));
        // optionally configured the execution environment
        testHarness.getExecutionConfig().setAutoWatermarkInterval(50);
        // open the test harness (will also call open() on RichFunctions)
        testHarness.open();
    }
    @Test
    public void testingStatefulFlatMapFunction() throws Exception {
        //push (timestamped) elements into the operator (and hence user defined function)
        testHarness.processElement(2L, 100L);
        //trigger event time timers by advancing the event time of the operator with a watermark
        testHarness.processWatermark(100L);
        //trigger processing time timers by advancing the processing time of the operator directly
        testHarness.setProcessingTime(100L);
        //retrieve list of emitted records for assertions
        assertThat(testHarness.getOutput(), containsInExactlyThisOrder(3L));
        //retrieve list of records emitted to a specific side output for assertions (ProcessFunction only)
        //assertThat(testHarness.getSideOutput(new OutputTag<>("invalidRecords")), hasSize(0))
    }
}

class StatefulFlatMapFunctionTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers with BeforeAndAfter {
  private var testHarness: OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness[Long, Long] = null
  private var statefulFlatMap: StatefulFlatMapFunction = null
  before {
    //instantiate user-defined function
    statefulFlatMap = new StatefulFlatMap
    // wrap user defined function into a the corresponding operator
    testHarness = new OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness[Long, Long](new StreamFlatMap(statefulFlatMap))
    // optionally configured the execution environment
    testHarness.getExecutionConfig().setAutoWatermarkInterval(50);
    // open the test harness (will also call open() on RichFunctions)
    testHarness.open();
  }
  "StatefulFlatMap" should "do some fancy stuff with timers and state" in {
    //push (timestamped) elements into the operator (and hence user defined function)
    testHarness.processElement(2, 100);
    //trigger event time timers by advancing the event time of the operator with a watermark
    testHarness.processWatermark(100);
    //trigger proccesign time timers by advancing the processing time of the operator directly
    testHarness.setProcessingTime(100);
    //retrieve list of emitted records for assertions
    testHarness.getOutput should contain (3)
    //retrieve list of records emitted to a specific side output for assertions (ProcessFunction only)
    //testHarness.getSideOutput(new OutputTag[Int]("invalidRecords")) should have size 0
  }
}

KeyedOneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness and KeyedTwoInputStreamOperatorTestHarness are instantiated by additionally providing a KeySelector including TypeInformation for the class of the key.

public class StatefulFlatMapFunctionTest {
    private OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness<String, Long, Long> testHarness;
    private StatefulFlatMap statefulFlatMapFunction;
    @Before
    public void setupTestHarness() throws Exception {
        //instantiate user-defined function
        statefulFlatMapFunction = new StatefulFlatMapFunction();
        // wrap user defined function into a the corresponding operator
        testHarness = new KeyedOneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness<>(new StreamFlatMap<>(statefulFlatMapFunction), new MyStringKeySelector(), Types.STRING);
        // open the test harness (will also call open() on RichFunctions)
        testHarness.open();
    }
    //tests
}

class StatefulFlatMapTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers with BeforeAndAfter {
  private var testHarness: OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness[String, Long, Long] = null
  private var statefulFlatMapFunction: FlattenFunction = null
  before {
    //instantiate user-defined function
    statefulFlatMapFunction = new StateFulFlatMap
    // wrap user defined function into a the corresponding operator
    testHarness = new KeyedOneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness(new StreamFlatMap(statefulFlatMapFunction),new MyStringKeySelector(), Types.STRING())
    // open the test harness (will also call open() on RichFunctions)
    testHarness.open();
  }
  //tests
}

Many more examples for the usage of these test harnesses can be found in the Flink code base, e.g.:

• org.apache.flink.streaming.runtime.operators.windowing.WindowOperatorTest is a good example for testing operators and user-defined functions, which depend on processing or event time.
• org.apache.flink.streaming.api.functions.sink.filesystem.LocalStreamingFileSinkTest shows how to test a custom sink with the AbstractStreamOperatorTestHarness. Specifically, it uses AbstractStreamOperatorTestHarness.snapshot and AbstractStreamOperatorTestHarness.initializeState to tests its interaction with Flink’s checkpointing mechanism.

Note Be aware that AbstractStreamOperatorTestHarness and its derived classes are currently not part of the public API and can be subject to change.

Unit Testing ProcessFunction

Given its importance, in addition to the previous test harnesses that can be used directly to test a ProcessFunction, Flink provides a test harness factory named ProcessFunctionTestHarnesses that allows for easier test harness instantiation. Considering this example:

Note Be aware that to use this test harness, you also need to introduce the dependencies mentioned in the last section.

public static class PassThroughProcessFunction extends ProcessFunction<Integer, Integer> {
    @Override
    public void processElement(Integer value, Context ctx, Collector<Integer> out) throws Exception {
        out.collect(value);
    }
}

class PassThroughProcessFunction extends ProcessFunction[Integer, Integer] {
    @throws[Exception]
    override def processElement(value: Integer, ctx: ProcessFunction[Integer, Integer]#Context, out: Collector[Integer]): Unit = {
      out.collect(value)
    }
}

It is very easy to unit test such a function with ProcessFunctionTestHarnesses by passing suitable arguments and verifying the output.

public class PassThroughProcessFunctionTest {
    @Test
    public void testPassThrough() throws Exception {
        //instantiate user-defined function
        PassThroughProcessFunction processFunction = new PassThroughProcessFunction();
        // wrap user defined function into a the corresponding operator
        OneInputStreamOperatorTestHarness<Integer, Integer> harness = ProcessFunctionTestHarnesses
            .forProcessFunction(processFunction);
        //push (timestamped) elements into the operator (and hence user defined function)
        harness.processElement(1, 10);
        //retrieve list of emitted records for assertions
        assertEquals(harness.extractOutputValues(), Collections.singletonList(1));
    }
}

class PassThroughProcessFunctionTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers {
  "PassThroughProcessFunction" should "forward values" in {
    //instantiate user-defined function
    val processFunction = new PassThroughProcessFunction
    // wrap user defined function into a the corresponding operator
    val harness = ProcessFunctionTestHarnesses.forProcessFunction(processFunction)
    //push (timestamped) elements into the operator (and hence user defined function)
    harness.processElement(1, 10)
    //retrieve list of emitted records for assertions
    harness.extractOutputValues() should contain (1)
  }
}

For more examples on how to use the ProcessFunctionTestHarnesses in order to test the different flavours of the ProcessFunction, e.g. KeyedProcessFunction, KeyedCoProcessFunction, BroadcastProcessFunction, etc, the user is encouraged to look at the ProcessFunctionTestHarnessesTest.

Testing Flink Jobs

JUnit Rule MiniClusterWithClientResource

Apache Flink provides a JUnit rule called MiniClusterWithClientResource for testing complete jobs against a local, embedded mini cluster. called MiniClusterWithClientResource.

To use MiniClusterWithClientResource one additional dependency (test scoped) is needed.

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
  <artifactId>flink-test-utils_2.11</artifactId>
  <version>1.11.0</version>
</dependency>

Let us take the same simple MapFunction as in the previous sections.

public class IncrementMapFunction implements MapFunction<Long, Long> {
    @Override
    public Long map(Long record) throws Exception {
        return record + 1;
    }
}

class IncrementMapFunction extends MapFunction[Long, Long] {
    override def map(record: Long): Long = {
        record + 1
    }
}

A simple pipeline using this MapFunction can now be tested in a local Flink cluster as follows.

public class ExampleIntegrationTest {
     @ClassRule
     public static MiniClusterWithClientResource flinkCluster =
         new MiniClusterWithClientResource(
             new MiniClusterResourceConfiguration.Builder()
                 .setNumberSlotsPerTaskManager(2)
                 .setNumberTaskManagers(1)
                 .build());
    @Test
    public void testIncrementPipeline() throws Exception {
        StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
        // configure your test environment
        env.setParallelism(2);
        // values are collected in a static variable
        CollectSink.values.clear();
        // create a stream of custom elements and apply transformations
        env.fromElements(1L, 21L, 22L)
                .map(new IncrementMapFunction())
                .addSink(new CollectSink());
        // execute
        env.execute();
        // verify your results
        assertTrue(CollectSink.values.containsAll(2L, 22L, 23L));
    }
    // create a testing sink
    private static class CollectSink implements SinkFunction<Long> {
        // must be static
        public static final List<Long> values = new ArrayList<>();
        @Override
        public synchronized void invoke(Long value) throws Exception {
            values.add(value);
        }
    }
}

class StreamingJobIntegrationTest extends FlatSpec with Matchers with BeforeAndAfter {
  val flinkCluster = new MiniClusterWithClientResource(new MiniClusterResourceConfiguration.Builder()
    .setNumberSlotsPerTaskManager(1)
    .setNumberTaskManagers(1)
    .build)
  before {
    flinkCluster.before()
  }
  after {
    flinkCluster.after()
  }
  "IncrementFlatMapFunction pipeline" should "incrementValues" in {
    val env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment
    // configure your test environment
    env.setParallelism(2)
    // values are collected in a static variable
    CollectSink.values.clear()
    // create a stream of custom elements and apply transformations
    env.fromElements(1, 21, 22)
       .map(new IncrementMapFunction())
       .addSink(new CollectSink())
    // execute
    env.execute()
    // verify your results
    CollectSink.values should contain allOf (2, 22, 23)
    }
}
// create a testing sink
class CollectSink extends SinkFunction[Long] {
  override def invoke(value: Long): Unit = {
    synchronized {
      CollectSink.values.add(value)
    }
  }
}
object CollectSink {
    // must be static
    val values: util.List[Long] = new util.ArrayList()
}

A few remarks on integration testing with MiniClusterWithClientResource:

• In order not to copy your whole pipeline code from production to test, make sources and sinks pluggable in your production code and inject special test sources and test sinks in your tests.

• The static variable in CollectSink is used here because Flink serializes all operators before distributing them across a cluster. Communicating with operators instantiated by a local Flink mini cluster via static variables is one way around this issue. Alternatively, you could write the data to files in a temporary directory with your test sink.

• You can implement a custom parallel source function for emitting watermarks if your job uses event time timers.

• It is recommended to always test your pipelines locally with a parallelism > 1 to identify bugs which only surface for the pipelines executed in parallel.

• Prefer @ClassRule over @Rule so that multiple tests can share the same Flink cluster. Doing so saves a significant amount of time since the startup and shutdown of Flink clusters usually dominate the execution time of the actual tests.

• If your pipeline contains custom state handling, you can test its correctness by enabling checkpointing and restarting the job within the mini cluster. For this, you need to trigger a failure by throwing an exception from (a test-only) user-defined function in your pipeline.

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