Active Directory and LDAP

Active Directory and LDAP can be used for both authentication and authorization (the authc and authz sections of the configuration, respectively). Authentication checks whether the user has entered valid credentials. Authorization retrieves any backend roles for the user.

In most cases, you want to configure both authentication and authorization. You can also use authentication only and map the users retrieved from LDAP directly to security plugin roles.

Docker example

We provide a fully functional example that can help you understand how to use an LDAP server for both authentication and authorization.

  1. Download and unzip the example ZIP file.
  2. At the command line, run docker-compose up.
  3. Review the files:

    • docker-compose.yml defines a single OpenSearch node, an LDAP server, and a PHP administration tool for the LDAP server.

      You can access the administration tool at https://localhost:6443. Acknowledge the security warning and log in using cn=admin,dc=example,dc=org and changethis.

    • directory.ldif seeds the LDAP server with three users and two groups.

      psantos is in the Administrator and Developers groups. jroe and jdoe are in the Developers group. The security plugin loads these groups as backend roles.

    • roles_mapping.yml maps the Administrator and Developers LDAP groups (as backend roles) to security roles so that users gain the appropriate permissions after authenticating.

    • internal_users.yml removes all default users except administrator and kibanaserver.

    • config.yml includes all necessary LDAP settings.

  4. Index a document as psantos:

    1. curl -XPUT 'https://localhost:9200/new-index/_doc/1' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"title": "Spirited Away"}' -u 'psantos:password' -k

    If you try the same request as jroe, it fails. The Developers group is mapped to the readall, manage_snapshots, and kibana_user roles and has no write permissions.

  5. Search for the document as jroe:

    1. curl -XGET 'https://localhost:9200/new-index/_search?pretty' -u 'jroe:password' -k

    This request succeeds, because the Developers group is mapped to the readall role.

  6. If you want to examine the contents of the various containers, run docker ps to find the container ID and then docker exec -it <container-id> /bin/bash.

Connection settings

To enable LDAP authentication and authorization, add the following lines to config/opensearch-security/config.yml:

  1. authc:
  2. ldap:
  3. http_enabled: true
  4. transport_enabled: true
  5. order: 1
  6. http_authenticator:
  7. type: basic
  8. challenge: false
  9. authentication_backend:
  10. type: ldap
  11. config:
  12. ...
  1. authz:
  2. ldap:
  3. http_enabled: true
  4. transport_enabled: true
  5. authorization_backend:
  6. type: ldap
  7. config:
  8. ...

The connection settings are identical for authentication and authorization and are added to the config sections.

Hostname and port

To configure the hostname and port of your Active Directory servers, use the following:

  1. config:
  2. hosts:
  3. - primary.ldap.example.com:389
  4. - secondary.ldap.example.com:389

You can configure more than one server here. If the security plugin cannot connect to the first server, it tries to connect to the remaining servers sequentially.

Timeouts

To configure connection and response timeouts to your Active Directory server, use the following (values are in milliseconds):

  1. config:
  2. connect_timeout: 5000
  3. response_timeout: 0

If your server supports two-factor authentication (2FA), the default timeout settings might result in login errors. You can increase connect_timeout to accommodate the 2FA process. Setting response_timeout to 0 (the default) indicates an indefinite waiting period.

Bind DN and password

To configure the bind_dn and password that the security plugin uses when issuing queries to your server, use the following:

  1. config:
  2. bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
  3. password: password

If your server supports anonymous authentication, both bind_dn and password can be set to null.

TLS settings

Use the following parameters to configure TLS for connecting to your server:

  1. config:
  2. enable_ssl: <true|false>
  3. enable_start_tls: <true|false>
  4. enable_ssl_client_auth: <true|false>
  5. verify_hostnames: <true|false>
NameDescription
enable_sslWhether to use LDAP over SSL (LDAPS).
enable_start_tlsWhether to use STARTTLS. Can’t be used in combination with LDAPS.
enable_ssl_client_authWhether to send the client certificate to the LDAP server.
verify_hostnamesWhether to verify the hostnames of the server’s TLS certificate.

Certificate validation

By default, the security plugin validates the TLS certificate of the LDAP servers against the root CA configured in opensearch.yml, either as a PEM certificate or a truststore:

  1. plugins.security.ssl.transport.pemtrustedcas_filepath: ...
  2. plugins.security.ssl.http.truststore_filepath: ...

If your server uses a certificate signed by a different CA, import this CA into your truststore or add it to your trusted CA file on each node.

You can also use a separate root CA in PEM format by setting one of the following configuration options:

  1. config:
  2. pemtrustedcas_filepath: /full/path/to/trusted_cas.pem
  1. config:
  2. pemtrustedcas_content: |-
  3. MIID/jCCAuagAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCBjzETMBEGCgmSJomT8ixk
  4. ARkWA2NvbTEXMBUGCgmSJomT8ixkARkWB2V4YW1wbGUxGTAXBgNVBAoMEEV4YW1w
  5. bGUgQ29tIEluYy4xITAfBgNVBAsMGEV4YW1wbGUgQ29tIEluYy4gUm9vdCBDQTEh
  6. ...
NameDescription
pemtrustedcas_filepathAbsolute path to the PEM file containing the root CAs of your Active Directory/LDAP server.
pemtrustedcas_contentThe root CA content of your Active Directory/LDAP server. Cannot be used when pemtrustedcas_filepath is set.

Client authentication

If you use TLS client authentication, the security plugin sends the PEM certificate of the node, as configured in opensearch.yml. Set one of the following configuration options:

  1. config:
  2. pemkey_filepath: /full/path/to/private.key.pem
  3. pemkey_password: private_key_password
  4. pemcert_filepath: /full/path/to/certificate.pem

or

  1. config:
  2. pemkey_content: |-
  3. MIID2jCCAsKgAwIBAgIBBTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCBlTETMBEGCgmSJomT8ixk
  4. ARkWA2NvbTEXMBUGCgmSJomT8ixkARkWB2V4YW1wbGUxGTAXBgNVBAoMEEV4YW1w
  5. bGUgQ29tIEluYy4xJDAiBgNVBAsMG0V4YW1wbGUgQ29tIEluYy4gU2lnbmluZyBD
  6. ...
  7. pemkey_password: private_key_password
  8. pemcert_content: |-
  9. MIIEvQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKcwggSjAgEAAoIBAQCHRZwzwGlP2FvL
  10. oEzNeDu2XnOF+ram7rWPT6fxI+JJr3SDz1mSzixTeHq82P5A7RLdMULfQFMfQPfr
  11. WXgB4qfisuDSt+CPocZRfUqqhGlMG2l8LgJMr58tn0AHvauvNTeiGlyXy0ShxHbD
  12. ...
NameDescription
pemkey_filepathAbsolute path to the file containing the private key of your certificate.
pemkey_contentThe content of the private key of your certificate. Cannot be used when pemkey_filepath is set.
pemkey_passwordThe password of your private key, if any.
pemcert_filepathAbsolute path to the client certificate.
pemcert_contentThe content of the client certificate. Cannot be used when pemcert_filepath is set.

Enabled ciphers and protocols

You can limit the allowed ciphers and TLS protocols for the LDAP connection. For example, you can allow only strong ciphers and limit the TLS versions to the most recent ones:

  1. ldap:
  2. http_enabled: true
  3. transport_enabled: true
  4. ...
  5. authentication_backend:
  6. type: ldap
  7. config:
  8. enabled_ssl_ciphers:
  9. - "TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA"
  10. - "TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256"
  11. enabled_ssl_protocols:
  12. - "TLSv1.1"
  13. - "TLSv1.2"
NameDescription
enabled_ssl_ciphersArray, enabled TLS ciphers. Only the Java format is supported.
enabled_ssl_protocolsArray, enabled TLS protocols. Only the Java format is supported.

Use Active Directory and LDAP for authentication

To use Active Directory/LDAP for authentication, first configure a respective authentication domain in the authc section of config/opensearch-security/config.yml:

  1. authc:
  2. ldap:
  3. http_enabled: true
  4. transport_enabled: true
  5. order: 1
  6. http_authenticator:
  7. type: basic
  8. challenge: true
  9. authentication_backend:
  10. type: ldap
  11. config:
  12. ...

Next, add the connection settings for your Active Directory/LDAP server to the config section of the authentication domain:

  1. config:
  2. enable_ssl: true
  3. enable_start_tls: false
  4. enable_ssl_client_auth: false
  5. verify_hostnames: true
  6. hosts:
  7. - ldap.example.com:8389
  8. bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
  9. password: passw0rd

Authentication works by issuing an LDAP query containing the user name against the user subtree of the LDAP tree.

The security plugin first takes the configured LDAP query and replaces the placeholder {0} with the user name from the user’s credentials.

  1. usersearch: '(sAMAccountName={0})'

Then it issues this query against the user subtree. Currently, the entire subtree under the configured userbase is searched:

  1. userbase: 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com'

If the query is successful, the security plugin retrieves the user name from the LDAP entry. You can specify which attribute from the LDAP entry the security plugin should use as the user name:

  1. username_attribute: uid

If this key is not set or null, then the distinguished name (DN) of the LDAP entry is used.

Configuration summary

NameDescription
userbaseSpecifies the subtree in the directory where user information is stored.
usersearchThe actual LDAP query that the security plugin executes when trying to authenticate a user. The variable {0} is substituted with the user name.
username_attributeThe security plugin uses this attribute of the directory entry to look for the user name. If set to null, the DN is used (default).

Complete authentication example

  1. ldap:
  2. http_enabled: true
  3. transport_enabled: true
  4. order: 1
  5. http_authenticator:
  6. type: basic
  7. challenge: true
  8. authentication_backend:
  9. type: ldap
  10. config:
  11. enable_ssl: true
  12. enable_start_tls: false
  13. enable_ssl_client_auth: false
  14. verify_hostnames: true
  15. hosts:
  16. - ldap.example.com:636
  17. bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
  18. password: password
  19. userbase: 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com'
  20. usersearch: '(sAMAccountName={0})'
  21. username_attribute: uid

Use Active Directory and LDAP for authorization

To use Active Directory/LDAP for authorization, first configure a respective authorization domain in the authz section of config.yml:

  1. authz:
  2. ldap:
  3. http_enabled: true
  4. transport_enabled: true
  5. authorization_backend:
  6. type: ldap
  7. config:
  8. ...

Authorization is the process of retrieving backend roles for an authenticated user from an LDAP server. This is typically the same servers that you use for authentication, but you can also use a different server. The only requirement is that the user you use to fetch the roles actually exists on the LDAP server.

Because the security plugin always checks if a user exists in the LDAP server, you must also configure userbase, usersearch and username_attribute in the authz section.

Authorization works similarly to authentication. The security plugin issues an LDAP query containing the user name against the role subtree of the LDAP tree.

As an alternative, the security plugin can also fetch roles that are defined as a direct attribute of the user entry in the user subtree.

Approach 1: Query the role subtree

The security plugin first takes the LDAP query for fetching roles (“rolesearch”) and substitutes any variables found in the query. For example, for a standard Active Directory installation, you would use the following role search:

  1. rolesearch: '(member={0})'

You can use the following variables:

  • {0} is substituted with the DN of the user.
  • {1} is substituted with the user name, as defined by the username_attribute setting.
  • {2} is substituted with an arbitrary attribute value from the authenticated user’s directory entry.

The variable {2} refers to an attribute from the user’s directory entry. The attribute that you should use is specified by the userroleattribute setting:

  1. userroleattribute: myattribute

The security plugin then issues the substituted query against the configured role subtree. The entire subtree under rolebase is searched:

  1. rolebase: 'ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com'

If you use nested roles (roles that are members of other roles), you can configure the security plugin to resolve them:

  1. resolve_nested_roles: false

After all roles have been fetched, the security plugin extracts the final role names from a configurable attribute of the role entries:

  1. rolename: cn

If this is not set, the DN of the role entry is used. You can now use this role name for mapping it to one or more of the security plugin roles, as defined in roles_mapping.yml.

Approach 2: Use a user’s attribute as the role name

If you store the roles as a direct attribute of the user entries in the user subtree, you need to configure only the attribute name:

  1. userrolename: roles

You can configure multiple attribute names:

  1. userrolename: roles, otherroles

This approach can be combined with querying the role subtree. The security plugin fetches the roles from the user’s role attribute and then executes the role search.

If you don’t use or have a role subtree, you can disable the role search completely:

  1. rolesearch_enabled: false

(Advanced) Control LDAP user attributes

By default, the security plugin reads all LDAP user attributes and makes them available for index name variable substitution and DLS query variable substitution. If your LDAP entries have a lot of attributes, you might want to control which attributes should be made available. The fewer the attributes, the better the performance.

NameDescription
custom_attr_allowlistString array. Specifies the LDAP attributes that should be made available for variable substitution.
custom_attr_maxval_lenInteger. Specifies the maximum allowed length of each attribute. All attributes longer than this value are discarded. A value of 0 disables custom attributes altogether. Default is 36.

Example:

  1. authz:
  2. ldap:
  3. http_enabled: true
  4. transport_enabled: true
  5. authorization_backend:
  6. type: ldap
  7. config:
  8. custom_attr_allowlist:
  9. - attribute1
  10. - attribute2
  11. custom_attr_maxval_len: 36
  12. ...

(Advanced) Exclude certain users from role lookup

If you are using multiple authentication methods, it can make sense to exclude certain users from the LDAP role lookup.

Consider the following scenario for a typical OpenSearch Dashboards setup: All OpenSearch Dashboards users are stored in an LDAP/Active Directory server.

However, you also have an OpenSearch Dashboards server user. OpenSearch Dashboards uses this user to manage stored objects and perform monitoring and maintenance tasks. You do not want to add this user to your Active Directory installation, but rather store it in the security plugin internal user database.

In this case, it makes sense to exclude the OpenSearch Dashboards server user from the LDAP authorization because we already know that there is no corresponding entry. You can use the skip_users configuration setting to define which users should be skipped. Wildcards and regular expressions are supported:

  1. skip_users:
  2. - kibanaserver
  3. - 'cn=Jane Doe,ou*people,o=TEST'
  4. - '/\S*/'

(Advanced) Exclude roles from nested role lookups

If the users in your LDAP installation have a large number of roles, and you have the requirement to resolve nested roles as well, you might run into performance issues.

In most cases, however, not all user roles are related to OpenSearch and OpenSearch Dashboards. You might need only a couple of roles. In this case, you can use the nested role filter feature to define a list of roles that are filtered out from the list of the user’s roles. Wildcards and regular expressions are supported.

This has an effect only if resolve_nested_roles is true:

  1. nested_role_filter:
  2. - 'cn=Jane Doe,ou*people,o=TEST'
  3. - ...

Configuration summary

NameDescription
rolebaseSpecifies the subtree in the directory where role/group information is stored.
rolesearchThe actual LDAP query that the security plugin executes when trying to determine the roles of a user. You can use three variables here (see below).
userroleattributeThe attribute in a user entry to use for {2} variable substitution.
userrolenameIf the roles/groups of a user are not stored in the groups subtree, but as an attribute of the user’s directory entry, define this attribute name here.
rolenameThe attribute of the role entry that should be used as the role name.
resolve_nested_rolesBoolean. Whether or not to resolve nested roles. Default is false.
max_nested_depthInteger. When resolve_nested_roles is true, this defines the maximum number of nested roles to traverse. Setting smaller values can reduce the amount of data retrieved from LDAP and improve authentication times at the cost of failing to discover deeply nested roles. Default is 30.
skip_usersArray of users that should be skipped when retrieving roles. Wildcards and regular expressions are supported.
nested_role_filterArray of role DNs that should be filtered before resolving nested roles. Wildcards and regular expressions are supported.
rolesearch_enabledBoolean. Enable or disable the role search. Default is true.
custom_attr_allowlistString array. Specifies the LDAP attributes that should be made available for variable substitution.
custom_attr_maxval_lenInteger. Specifies the maximum allowed length of each attribute. All attributes longer than this value are discarded. A value of 0 disables custom attributes altogether. Default is 36.

Complete authorization example

  1. authz:
  2. ldap:
  3. http_enabled: true
  4. transport_enabled: true
  5. authorization_backend:
  6. type: ldap
  7. config:
  8. enable_ssl: true
  9. enable_start_tls: false
  10. enable_ssl_client_auth: false
  11. verify_hostnames: true
  12. hosts:
  13. - ldap.example.com:636
  14. bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
  15. password: password
  16. userbase: 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com'
  17. usersearch: '(uid={0})'
  18. username_attribute: uid
  19. rolebase: 'ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com'
  20. rolesearch: '(member={0})'
  21. userroleattribute: null
  22. userrolename: none
  23. rolename: cn
  24. resolve_nested_roles: true
  25. skip_users:
  26. - kibanaserver
  27. - 'cn=Jane Doe,ou*people,o=TEST'
  28. - '/\S*/'

(Advanced) Configuring multiple user and role bases

To configure multiple user bases in the authc and/or authz section, use the following syntax:

  1. ...
  2. bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
  3. password: password
  4. users:
  5. primary-userbase:
  6. base: 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com'
  7. search: '(uid={0})'
  8. secondary-userbase:
  9. base: 'cn=users,dc=example,dc=com'
  10. search: '(uid={0})'
  11. username_attribute: uid
  12. ...

Similarly, use the following setup to configure multiple role bases in the authz section:

  1. ...
  2. username_attribute: uid
  3. roles:
  4. primary-rolebase:
  5. base: 'ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com'
  6. search: '(uniqueMember={0})'
  7. secondary-rolebase:
  8. base: 'ou=othergroups,dc=example,dc=com'
  9. search: '(member={0})'
  10. userroleattribute: null
  11. ...

Complete authentication and authorization with multiple user and role bases example:

  1. authc:
  2. ...
  3. ldap:
  4. http_enabled: true
  5. transport_enabled: true
  6. order: 1
  7. http_authenticator:
  8. type: basic
  9. challenge: true
  10. authentication_backend:
  11. type: ldap
  12. config:
  13. enable_ssl: true
  14. enable_start_tls: false
  15. enable_ssl_client_auth: false
  16. verify_hostnames: true
  17. hosts:
  18. - ldap.example.com:636
  19. bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
  20. password: password
  21. users:
  22. primary-userbase:
  23. base: 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com'
  24. search: '(uid={0})'
  25. secondary-userbase:
  26. base: 'cn=users,dc=example,dc=com'
  27. search: '(uid={0})'
  28. username_attribute: uid
  29. authz:
  30. ldap:
  31. http_enabled: true
  32. transport_enabled: true
  33. authorization_backend:
  34. type: ldap
  35. config:
  36. enable_ssl: true
  37. enable_start_tls: false
  38. enable_ssl_client_auth: false
  39. verify_hostnames: true
  40. hosts:
  41. - ldap.example.com:636
  42. bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
  43. password: password
  44. users:
  45. primary-userbase:
  46. base: 'ou=people,dc=example,dc=com'
  47. search: '(uid={0})'
  48. secondary-userbase:
  49. base: 'cn=users,dc=example,dc=com'
  50. search: '(uid={0})'
  51. username_attribute: uid
  52. roles:
  53. primary-rolebase:
  54. base: 'ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com'
  55. search: '(uniqueMember={0})'
  56. secondary-rolebase:
  57. base: 'ou=othergroups,dc=example,dc=com'
  58. search: '(member={0})'
  59. userroleattribute: null
  60. userrolename: none
  61. rolename: cn
  62. resolve_nested_roles: true