My solution

What solution did you come up with?

Here’s mine:

  1. #![deny(unsafe_code)]
  2. #![no_main]
  3. #![no_std]
  5. use aux5::{entry, prelude::*, Delay, Leds};
  7. #[entry]
  8. fn main() -> ! {
  9.     let (mut delay, mut leds): (Delay, Leds) = aux5::init();
  11.     let ms = 50_u8;
  12.     loop {
  13.         for curr in 0..8 {
  14.             let next = (curr + 1) % 8;
  16.             leds[next].on();
  17.             delay.delay_ms(ms);
  18.             leds[curr].off();
  19.             delay.delay_ms(ms);
  20.         }
  21.     }
  22. }

One more thing! Check that your solution also works when compiled in “release” mode:

  1. $ cargo build --target thumbv7em-none-eabihf --release

You can test it with this gdb command:

  1. $ # or, you could simply call `cargo run --target thumbv7em-none-eabihf --release`
  2. $ arm-none-eabi-gdb target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/release/led-roulette
  3. $ #                                              ~~~~~~~

Binary size is something we should always keep an eye on! How big is your solution? You can checkthat using the size command on the release binary:

  1. $ # equivalent to size target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/led-roulette
  2. $ cargo size --target thumbv7em-none-eabihf --bin led-roulette -- -A
  3. led-roulette  :
  4. section               size        addr
  5. .vector_table          392   0x8000000
  6. .text                16404   0x8000188
  7. .rodata               2924   0x80041a0
  8. .data                    0  0x20000000
  9. .bss                     4  0x20000000
  10. .debug_str          602185         0x0
  11. .debug_abbrev        24134         0x0
  12. .debug_info         553143         0x0
  13. .debug_ranges       112744         0x0
  14. .debug_macinfo          86         0x0
  15. .debug_pubnames      56467         0x0
  16. .debug_pubtypes      94866         0x0
  17. .ARM.attributes         58         0x0
  18. .debug_frame        174812         0x0
  19. .debug_line         354866         0x0
  20. .debug_loc             534         0x0
  21. .comment                75         0x0
  22. Total              1993694
  24. $ cargo size --target thumbv7em-none-eabihf --bin led-roulette --release -- -A
  25. led-roulette  :
  26. section              size        addr
  27. .vector_table         392   0x8000000
  28. .text                1826   0x8000188
  29. .rodata                84   0x80008ac
  30. .data                   0  0x20000000
  31. .bss                    4  0x20000000
  32. .debug_str          23334         0x0
  33. .debug_loc           6964         0x0
  34. .debug_abbrev        1337         0x0
  35. .debug_info         40582         0x0
  36. .debug_ranges        2936         0x0
  37. .debug_macinfo          1         0x0
  38. .debug_pubnames      5470         0x0
  39. .debug_pubtypes     10016         0x0
  40. .ARM.attributes        58         0x0
  41. .debug_frame          164         0x0
  42. .debug_line          9081         0x0
  43. .comment               18         0x0
  44. Total              102267

NOTE The Cargo project is already configured to build the release binary using LTO.

Know how to read this output? The text section contains the program instructions. It’s around 2KBin my case. On the other hand, the data and bss sections contain variables statically allocatedin RAM (static variables). A static variable is being used in aux5::init; that’s why it shows 4bytes of bss.

One final thing! We have been running our programs from within GDB but our programs don’t depend onGDB at all. You can confirm this be closing both GDB and OpenOCD and then resetting the board bypressing the black button on the board. The LED roulette application will run without interventionof GDB.