Set up a High Availability etcd cluster with kubeadm

Note: While kubeadm is being used as the management tool for external etcd nodes in this guide, please note that kubeadm does not plan to support certificate rotation or upgrades for such nodes. The long term plan is to empower the tool etcdadm to manage these aspects.

Kubeadm defaults to running a single member etcd cluster in a static pod managed by the kubelet on the control plane node. This is not a high availability setup as the etcd cluster contains only one member and cannot sustain any members becoming unavailable. This task walks through the process of creating a high availability etcd cluster of three members that can be used as an external etcd when using kubeadm to set up a kubernetes cluster.

Before you begin

  • Three hosts that can talk to each other over ports 2379 and 2380. This document assumes these default ports. However, they are configurable through the kubeadm config file.
  • Each host must have docker, kubelet, and kubeadm installed.
  • Each host should have access to the Kubernetes container image registry (k8s.gcr.io) or list/pull the required etcd image using kubeadm config images list/pull. This guide will setup etcd instances as static pods managed by a kubelet.
  • Some infrastructure to copy files between hosts. For example ssh and scp can satisfy this requirement.

Setting up the cluster

The general approach is to generate all certs on one node and only distribute the necessary files to the other nodes.

Note: kubeadm contains all the necessary crytographic machinery to generate the certificates described below; no other cryptographic tooling is required for this example.

  1. Configure the kubelet to be a service manager for etcd.

    Note: You must do this on every host where etcd should be running.

    Since etcd was created first, you must override the service priority by creating a new unit file that has higher precedence than the kubeadm-provided kubelet unit file.

    1. cat << EOF > /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/20-etcd-service-manager.conf
    2. [Service]
    3. ExecStart=
    4. #  Replace "systemd" with the cgroup driver of your container runtime. The default value in the kubelet is "cgroupfs".
    5. ExecStart=/usr/bin/kubelet --address=127.0.0.1 --pod-manifest-path=/etc/kubernetes/manifests --cgroup-driver=systemd
    6. Restart=always
    7. EOF
    9. systemctl daemon-reload
    10. systemctl restart kubelet

    Check the kubelet status to ensure it is running.

    1. systemctl status kubelet

  2. Create configuration files for kubeadm.

    Generate one kubeadm configuration file for each host that will have an etcd member running on it using the following script.

    1. # Update HOST0, HOST1, and HOST2 with the IPs or resolvable names of your hosts
    2. export HOST0=10.0.0.6
    3. export HOST1=10.0.0.7
    4. export HOST2=10.0.0.8
    6. # Create temp directories to store files that will end up on other hosts.
    7. mkdir -p /tmp/${HOST0}/ /tmp/${HOST1}/ /tmp/${HOST2}/
    9. ETCDHOSTS=(${HOST0} ${HOST1} ${HOST2})
    10. NAMES=("infra0" "infra1" "infra2")
    12. for i in "${!ETCDHOSTS[@]}"; do
    13. HOST=${ETCDHOSTS[$i]}
    14. NAME=${NAMES[$i]}
    15. cat << EOF > /tmp/${HOST}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    16. apiVersion: "kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2"
    17. kind: ClusterConfiguration
    18. etcd:
    19.     local:
    20.         serverCertSANs:
    21.         - "${HOST}"
    22.         peerCertSANs:
    23.         - "${HOST}"
    24.         extraArgs:
    25.             initial-cluster: ${NAMES[0]}=https://${ETCDHOSTS[0]}:2380,${NAMES[1]}=https://${ETCDHOSTS[1]}:2380,${NAMES[2]}=https://${ETCDHOSTS[2]}:2380
    26.             initial-cluster-state: new
    27.             name: ${NAME}
    28.             listen-peer-urls: https://${HOST}:2380
    29.             listen-client-urls: https://${HOST}:2379
    30.             advertise-client-urls: https://${HOST}:2379
    31.             initial-advertise-peer-urls: https://${HOST}:2380
    32. EOF
    33. done

  3. Generate the certificate authority

    If you already have a CA then the only action that is copying the CA’s crt and key file to /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt and /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.key. After those files have been copied, proceed to the next step, “Create certificates for each member”.

    If you do not already have a CA then run this command on $HOST0 (where you generated the configuration files for kubeadm).

    1. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-ca

    This creates two files

    • /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
    • /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.key

  4. Create certificates for each member

    1. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-server --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    2. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-peer --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    3. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-healthcheck-client --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    4. kubeadm init phase certs apiserver-etcd-client --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    5. cp -R /etc/kubernetes/pki /tmp/${HOST2}/
    6. # cleanup non-reusable certificates
    7. find /etc/kubernetes/pki -not -name ca.crt -not -name ca.key -type f -delete
    9. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-server --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    10. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-peer --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    11. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-healthcheck-client --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    12. kubeadm init phase certs apiserver-etcd-client --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    13. cp -R /etc/kubernetes/pki /tmp/${HOST1}/
    14. find /etc/kubernetes/pki -not -name ca.crt -not -name ca.key -type f -delete
    16. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-server --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    17. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-peer --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    18. kubeadm init phase certs etcd-healthcheck-client --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    19. kubeadm init phase certs apiserver-etcd-client --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    20. # No need to move the certs because they are for HOST0
    22. # clean up certs that should not be copied off this host
    23. find /tmp/${HOST2} -name ca.key -type f -delete
    24. find /tmp/${HOST1} -name ca.key -type f -delete

  5. Copy certificates and kubeadm configs

    The certificates have been generated and now they must be moved to their respective hosts.

    1. USER=ubuntu
    2. HOST=${HOST1}
    3. scp -r /tmp/${HOST}/* ${USER}@${HOST}:
    4. ssh ${USER}@${HOST}
    5. USER@HOST $ sudo -Es
    6. root@HOST $ chown -R root:root pki
    7. root@HOST $ mv pki /etc/kubernetes/

  6. Ensure all expected files exist

    The complete list of required files on $HOST0 is:

    1. /tmp/${HOST0}
    2. └── kubeadmcfg.yaml
    3. ---
    4. /etc/kubernetes/pki
    5. ├── apiserver-etcd-client.crt
    6. ├── apiserver-etcd-client.key
    7. └── etcd
    8.     ├── ca.crt
    9.     ├── ca.key
    10.     ├── healthcheck-client.crt
    11.     ├── healthcheck-client.key
    12.     ├── peer.crt
    13.     ├── peer.key
    14.     ├── server.crt
    15.     └── server.key

    On $HOST1:

    1. $HOME
    2. └── kubeadmcfg.yaml
    3. ---
    4. /etc/kubernetes/pki
    5. ├── apiserver-etcd-client.crt
    6. ├── apiserver-etcd-client.key
    7. └── etcd
    8.     ├── ca.crt
    9.     ├── healthcheck-client.crt
    10.     ├── healthcheck-client.key
    11.     ├── peer.crt
    12.     ├── peer.key
    13.     ├── server.crt
    14.     └── server.key

    On $HOST2

    1. $HOME
    2. └── kubeadmcfg.yaml
    3. ---
    4. /etc/kubernetes/pki
    5. ├── apiserver-etcd-client.crt
    6. ├── apiserver-etcd-client.key
    7. └── etcd
    8.     ├── ca.crt
    9.     ├── healthcheck-client.crt
    10.     ├── healthcheck-client.key
    11.     ├── peer.crt
    12.     ├── peer.key
    13.     ├── server.crt
    14.     └── server.key

  7. Create the static pod manifests

    Now that the certificates and configs are in place it’s time to create the manifests. On each host run the kubeadm command to generate a static manifest for etcd.

    1. root@HOST0 $ kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    2. root@HOST1 $ kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=/home/ubuntu/kubeadmcfg.yaml
    3. root@HOST2 $ kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=/home/ubuntu/kubeadmcfg.yaml

  8. Optional: Check the cluster health

    1. docker run --rm -it \
    2. --net host \
    3. -v /etc/kubernetes:/etc/kubernetes k8s.gcr.io/etcd:${ETCD_TAG} etcdctl \
    4. --cert /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.crt \
    5. --key /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.key \
    6. --cacert /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt \
    7. --endpoints https://${HOST0}:2379 endpoint health --cluster
    8. ...
    9. https://[HOST0 IP]:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 16.283339ms
    10. https://[HOST1 IP]:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 19.44402ms
    11. https://[HOST2 IP]:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 35.926451ms
    • Set ${ETCD_TAG} to the version tag of your etcd image. For example 3.4.3-0. To see the etcd image and tag that kubeadm uses execute kubeadm config images list --kubernetes-version ${K8S_VERSION}, where ${K8S_VERSION} is for example v1.17.0
    • Set ${HOST0}to the IP address of the host you are testing.

What’s next

Once you have a working 3 member etcd cluster, you can continue setting up a highly available control plane using the external etcd method with kubeadm.