Enabling Rate Limits

This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to aservice.

Before you begin

  • Setup Istio in a Kubernetes cluster by following the instructions in theInstallation Guide.

Policy enforcement must be enabled in your cluster for this task. Follow the steps inEnabling Policy Enforcement to ensure that policy enforcement is enabled.

  • Deploy the Bookinfo sample application.

The Bookinfo sample deploys 3 versions of the reviews service:

  • Version v1 doesn’t call the ratings service.
  • Version v2 calls the ratings service, and displays each rating as 1 to 5 black stars.
  • Version v3 calls the ratings service, and displays each rating as 1 to 5 red stars.You need to set a default route to one of the versions. Otherwise, when you send requests to the reviews service, Istio routes requests to all available versions randomly, and sometimes the output contains star ratings and sometimes it doesn’t.
  • Set the default version for all services to v1.

Zip

  1. $ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-all-v1.yaml@

Rate limits

In this task, you configure Istio to rate limit traffic to productpage based on the IP addressof the originating client. You will use X-Forwarded-For request header as the clientIP address. You will also use a conditional rate limit that exempts logged in users.

For convenience, you configure thememory quota(memquota) adapter to enable rate limiting. On a production system, however,you need Redis, and you configure the Redisquota(redisquota) adapter. Both the memquota and redisquota adapters supportthe quota template,so the configuration to enable rate limiting on both adapters is the same.

  • Rate limit configuration is split into 2 parts.

    • Client Side
      • QuotaSpec defines quota name and amount that the client should request.
      • QuotaSpecBinding conditionally associates QuotaSpec with one or more services.
    • Mixer Side
      • quota instance defines how quota is dimensioned by Mixer.
      • memquota handler defines memquota adapter configuration.
      • quota rule defines when quota instance is dispatched to the memquota adapter.Run the following command to enable rate limits using memquota:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-productpage-ratelimit.yaml@

If you use Istio 1.1.2 or prior, please use the following configuration instead:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-productpage-ratelimit-crd.yaml@

The memquota handler defines 4 different rate limit schemes. The default,if no overrides match, is 500 requests per one second (1s). Twooverrides are also defined:

  • The first is 1 request (the maxAmount field) every 5s (thevalidDuration field), if the destination is reviews.
  • The second is 500 requests every 1s, if the destination is productpageand source is 10.28.11.20
  • The third is 2 requests every 5s, if the destination is productpage.When a request is processed, the first matching override is picked (reading from top to bottom).

Or

Run the following command to enable rate limits using redisquota:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-productpage-redis-quota-rolling-window.yaml@

Note: Replace rate_limit_algorithm,redis_server_url with values for your configuration.

The redisquota handler defines 4 different rate limit schemes. The default,if no overrides match, is 500 requests per one second (1s). It is using ROLLING_WINDOWalgorithm for quota check and thus define bucketDuration of 500ms for ROLLING_WINDOWalgorithm. Three overrides are also defined:

  • The first is 1 request (the maxAmount field), if the destination is reviews.
  • The second is 500, if the destination is productpage and sourceis 10.28.11.20
  • The third is 2, if the destination is productpage.When a request is processed, the first matching override is picked (reading from top to bottom).
  • Confirm the quota instance was created:
  1. $ kubectl -n istio-system get instance requestcountquota -o yaml

The quota template defines three dimensions that are used by memquota or redisquotato set overrides on requests that match certain attributes. Thedestination will be set to the first non-empty value indestination.labels["app"], destination.service.host, or "unknown". Formore information on expressions, see ExpressionLanguage.

  • Confirm the quota rule was created:
  1. $ kubectl -n istio-system get rule quota -o yaml

The rule tells Mixer to invoke the memquota or redisquota handler (createdabove) and pass it the object constructed using the instancerequestcountquota (also created above). This maps thedimensions from the quota template to memquota or redisquota handler.

  • Confirm the QuotaSpec was created:
  1. $ kubectl -n istio-system get QuotaSpec request-count -o yaml

This QuotaSpec defines the requestcountquota you created above with acharge of 1.

  • Confirm the QuotaSpecBinding was created:
  1. $ kubectl -n istio-system get QuotaSpecBinding request-count -o yaml

This QuotaSpecBinding binds the QuotaSpec you created above to theservices you want to apply it to. productpage is explicitly bound to request-count, notethat you must define the namespace since it differs from the namespace of the QuotaSpecBinding.If the last line is uncommented, service: '*' binds all services to the QuotaSpecmaking the first entry redundant.

  • Refresh the product page in your browser.

request-count quota applies to productpage and it permits 2 requestsevery 5 seconds. If you keep refreshing the page you should seeRESOURCE_EXHAUSTED:Quota is exhausted for: requestcount.

Conditional rate limits

In the above example we have effectively rate limited productpage at 2 rps per client IP.Consider a scenario where you would like to exempt clients from this rate limit if a user is logged in.In the bookinfo example, we use cookie session=<sessionid> to denote a logged in user.In a realistic scenario you may use a jwt token for this purpose.

You can update the quota rule by adding a match condition based on the cookie.

  1. $ kubectl -n istio-system edit rules quota
  1. ...
  2. spec:
  3.   match: match(request.headers["cookie"], "session=*") == false
  4.   actions:
  5. ...

Don’t enable chrome preload as it canpreload cookies and fail this task.

memquota or redisquota adapter is now dispatched only if session=<sessionid> cookie is absent from the request.This ensures that a logged in user is not subject to this quota.

  • Verify that rate limit does not apply to a logged in user.

Log in as jason and repeatedly refresh the productpage. Now you should be able to do this without a problem.

  • Verify that rate limit does apply when not logged in.

Logout as jason and repeatedly refresh the productpage.You should again see RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED:Quota is exhausted for: requestcount.

Understanding rate limits

In the preceding examples you saw how Mixer applies rate limits to requeststhat match certain conditions.

Every named quota instance like requestcount represents a set of counters.The set is defined by a Cartesian product of all quota dimensions. If thenumber of requests in the last expiration duration exceed maxAmount,Mixer returns a RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED message to the Envoy proxy, and Envoyreturns status HTTP 429 to the caller.

The memquota adapter uses a sliding window of sub-second resolution toenforce rate limits.

The redisquota adapter can be configured to use either the ROLLING_WINDOW or FIXED_WINDOWalgorithms to enforce rate limits.

The maxAmount in the adapter configuration sets the default limit for allcounters associated with a quota instance. This default limit applies if a quotaoverride does not match the request. The memquota/redisquota adapter selects the firstoverride that matches a request. An override need not specify all quotadimensions. In the example, the 0.2 qps override is selected by matching onlythree out of four quota dimensions.

If you want the policies enforced for a given namespace instead of the entireIstio mesh, you can replace all occurrences of istio-system with the givennamespace.

Cleanup

  • If using memquota, remove the memquota rate limit configuration:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-productpage-ratelimit.yaml@

If you are using Istio 1.1.2 or prior:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-productpage-ratelimit-crd.yaml@

Or

If using redisquota, remove the redisquota rate limit configuration:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-productpage-redis-quota-rolling-window.yaml@
  • Remove the application routing rules:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-all-v1.yaml@
  • If you are not planning to explore any follow-on tasks, refer to theBookinfo cleanup instructionsto shutdown the application.

See also

App Identity and Access Adapter

Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes.

Mixer and the SPOF Myth

Improving availability and reducing latency.

Mixer Adapter Model

Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture.

Control Headers and Routing

Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters.

Denials and White/Black Listing

Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing.

Enabling Policy Enforcement

This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement.